User:EMcDonald at uofu/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Music[edit][edit]

Main article: Music of Japan

The music of Japan includes a wide array of styles both distinctly traditional and modern. Traditional Japanese music is quite different from Western Music and is based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing;[1] traditional music also typically slides between notes, a feature also not commonly found in Western music. The word for music in Japanese is ongaku (音楽), combining the kanji on (音, "sound") with the kanji gaku (楽, "enjoyment")[2]. Major aesthetic concepts are jo-ha-kyū and ma. Jo-ha-kyū (序破急) roughly translates to "beginning, break, rapid", it essentially means that all actions or efforts should begin slowly, speed up, and then end swiftly. Ma literally means a space or interval between two points (in space or time).[3] In music, it refers to rhythm. In nagauta (長唄, literally "long song") (played on the shamisen and used in kabuki theater)[4], uki-ma implies a slight lengthening of the first of a pair of beats, while tsume-ma implies the reverse).[3] It is this meaning of timing that is seen as a unique aesthetic to explain otherwise inexplicable aspects of Japanese performing arts.[5] Japanese music stresses sound quality and prizes the richness and complexity of each instrument's sound spectrum. Noise is also used in a highly formalized manner to imitate "nature" and the expressive energy and artistic potential of noise are accepted and incorporated.[6]

History of Traditional Music[edit]

Traditional Japanese music finds its first major historic periods in the Nara (710—794)[7] and Heian (794–1185)[8] periods. The two most common kinds of music during this time were the music of the court (Gagaku) and the music of Buddhist rituals (shōmyō).[8] The music of the Nara period can be classified as belonging to the first international period in Japanese music history.[9] The court music was all of Chinese, Korean, or Indian origin and was played primarily by foreign musicians in its original style.[9] Gagaku classical music has been performed at the Imperial court since the Heian period.[10] At the same time, Buddhist ritual music exerted some influence on the native vocal style.[9] While poetry anthologies indicate that folk music had continued its steady pace, the historical records and relics show us music that was primarily instrumental and often connected with dance.[9] By the time of the Kamakura period, most traces of the international character of Japanese music had disappeared.[11] Court music in general was declining, while there was a steady growth of more theatrical arts.[11] The indigenous folk ritual music of flute and drums here encountered the aristocratic aesthetic of poetry and literary tales.[12] Japan’s indigenous musical culture can still be found in much of folk music and the music of Shinto festivals in local communities.[12]

Traditional Instruments[edit]

Several traditional instruments were adopted and assimilated into Japanese culture from various sources.[13] They were further experimented with and developed by Japan.[13] One of the imported end-blown bamboo flutes from China developed into the shakuhachi, which became the ritual instrument of the Fuke sect of Zen monks.[14] By the middle of the eighteenth century, in secular performances, the shamisen lute and koto 13-string zither as used for genteel entertainment and professionally controlled by blind musicians who had the rights to heike narrative.[14] The shamisen, modified from an instrument introduced from China via the Ryukyu Islands in the late sixteenth century, came into its own in the theatrical contexts of bunraku puppet drama and kabuki drama.[14]

Modern Music[edit]

Japan is the second largest music market in the world behind the United States, and is the largest in Asia,[15][16] with most of the market dominated by Japanese artists.[17] Local music often appears at karaoke venues on lease from record labels.

Western music has been adopted and adapted to the Japanese context and has often in the process become Japanized (domesticated) and different from its model.[18] Hybrid music has resulted, such as enka (J-pop and ‘contemporary Japanese music’ (gendai hōgaku) or ‘new Japanese music’ (shin-hōgaku).[18] Famous enka singers include Hibari Misora, Saburo Kitajima, Ikuzo Yoshi, and Haruo Minami. One notable contemporary influence on Japanese musical music came from Ainu music and the so-called nationalist composer Ifukube Akiraa (b. 1914 in Hokkaido) who brought the tonkori zither onto the World Music scene.[19]

In the late 20th century Japanese music rose in popularity with Aidoru (Japanese Idols) with popular audition shows such as the Suta¯tanjo¯(A Star Is Born).[20] Japanese music further evolved in the jazz, pop, R&B, and Rock music genres and continues into today. Popular artists of the 20th-21st centuries include Yoko Ono, Suzuka Nakamoto, Koji Tamaki, Hyde,Takahiro Moriuchi, [21] Kenshi Yonezu, and Haruomi Hosono.[22] Popular groups of the same eras include The Oral Cigarettes, Yoasobi, Bump of Chicken, King Gnu, Mrs. Green Apple,[23] Fishmans, and Perfume.[22]

  1. ^ Galliano, Luciana (2002-11-19). Yogaku: Japanese Music in the 20th Century. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4616-7455-9.
  2. ^ Masuda, Kō, ed. (1998). Kenkyusha's new japanese-english dictionary (4th ed., 37th impr ed.). Tokyo: Kenkyusha. ISBN 978-4-7674-2015-8.
  3. ^ a b Hughes, David W. (2017-02-09). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. London: Routledge. p. 26. doi:10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes. ISBN 978-1-315-17235-4.
  4. ^ Malm, William P. (1960). "A Short History of Japanese Nagauta Music". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 80 (2): 124–132. doi:10.2307/595588. ISSN 0003-0279.
  5. ^ Hughes, David W. (2017-02-09). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. London: Routledge. p. 26. doi:10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes. ISBN 978-1-315-17235-4.
  6. ^ Galliano, Luciana (2002-11-19). Yogaku: Japanese Music in the 20th Century. Scarecrow Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4616-7455-9.
  7. ^ Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Kodansha International. p. 32. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
  8. ^ a b Malm, William Paul (1983). Japanese music and musical instruments (9th pr ed.). Rutland: Tuttle. ISBN 978-0-8048-0308-3.
  9. ^ a b c d Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Kodansha International. p. 33. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
  10. ^ "Gagaku, Imperial Court Music & Dance of Japan | Musicians of the Imperial Household | History of Gagaku". web.archive.org. 2021-05-08. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  11. ^ a b Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Kodansha International. p. 37. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
  12. ^ a b Hughes, David W. (2017-02-09). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. London: Routledge. p. 5. doi:10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes. ISBN 978-1-315-17235-4.
  13. ^ a b Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
  14. ^ a b c Hughes, David W. (2017-02-09). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. London: Routledge. p. 6. doi:10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes. ISBN 978-1-315-17235-4.
  15. ^ "Fig. 5. Fragments of interferograms: a - from January 8, 2007– February 28, 2009, b - from January 11, 2008– January 16, 2010, c - from February 26, 2008– March 3, 2010, d - with a one-year interval from June 22, 2015–20.06. 2016". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  16. ^ Wyrwoll, Claudia (2014), "Towards Query-Independent Ranking", Social Media, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, pp. 87–100, ISBN 978-3-658-06983-4, retrieved 2023-11-18
  17. ^ "Global Music Report 2023 – State of the Industry" (PDF). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI): 11.
  18. ^ a b Hughes, David W. (2017-02-09). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. London: Routledge. p. 4. doi:10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes. ISBN 978-1-315-17235-4.
  19. ^ Hughes, David W. (2017-02-09). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. London: Routledge. p. 7. doi:10.4324/9781315172354/ashgate-research-companion-japanese-music-alison-mcqueen-tokita-david-hughes. ISBN 978-1-315-17235-4.
  20. ^ Hosokawa, Shuhei (2005). "Popular entertainment and the music industry." A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan. pp. 297–313.
  21. ^ "15 Of The Greatest And Most Famous Japanese Singers". 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  22. ^ a b Cunningham, Ed (2019-11-20). "7 Japanese Musicians that Influenced the World". Tokyo Weekender (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  23. ^ "ROCKIN'ON JAPAN | 出版 | 事業内容". ロッキング・オン・グループ (rockin’on group) (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-11-18.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:EMcDonald_at_uofu/sandbox&oldid=1189038298"