Arlie Russell Hochschild

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Arlie Russell Hochschild
Hochschild in 2017
Born
Arlie Russell

(1940-01-15) January 15, 1940 (age 84)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materSwarthmore College(BA)(1962)
University of California-Berkeley (MA(1965), PhD(1969))
Known forThe Second Shift, The Managed Heart, Strangers in Their Own Land, The Time Bind, Emotional labor, Gender division of labor in the household
SpouseAdam Hochschild
ChildrenDavid Russell and Gabriel Russell
Scientific career
FieldsSocial Psychology, Sociology of Emotions, Gender and Politics
InstitutionsUniversity of California-Berkeley

Arlie Russell Hochschild (/ˈhoʊkʃɪld/; born January 15, 1940) is an American professor emeritus of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley[1] and writer. Hochschild has long focused on the human emotions that underlie moral beliefs, practices, and social life generally. She is the author of ten books, including the forthcoming Stolen Pride: Loss, Shame, and the Rise of the Right (The New Press, September 10, 2024).[2] Stolen Pride is a follow-up to her last book, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right, a New York Times Bestseller and finalist for the National Book Award.[3] Derek Thompson described it as "a Rosetta stone" for understanding the rise of Donald Trump.[4]

In these and other books, she continues the sociological tradition of C. Wright Mills by drawing links between private troubles and public issues.[5] In drawing this link, she has tried to illuminate the ways we recognize, attend to, appraise, evoke, and suppress—that is to say, manage—emotion. She has applied this focus to the family, to work, and to political life.[6] Her works have been translated into 17 languages.[7] She is also the author of a children's book titled Coleen The Question Girl, illustrated by Gail Ashby.[8]

Biography[edit]

Early life and family background[edit]

Arlie Hochschild was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Ruth Alene (Libbey) and Francis Henry Russell, a diplomat who served in Israel, New Zealand, Ghana, and Tunisia.[9] In her 2016 book, Strangers in Their Own Land, Hochschild says that her first experiences reaching out and getting to know people different from her stem from her own fantasy that she was her dad's helper.[10] Hochschild grew up in a household where her mother was the primary caregiver and her father was the provider. Her mother "volunteered for the PTA, and helped start a preschool program in Montgomery County, Maryland, all the while supporting [her] father's job as a government official".[11]

Hochschild joined Swarthmore as a sophomore transfer student after spending one year at Victoria University in New Zealand. In 1964, she and her future husband Adam Hochschild were civil rights workers in Vicksburg, Mississippi.[12] They married in 1965 and raised two sons, David and Gabriel, and have two granddaughters.

Education and academic career[edit]

Hochschild graduated from Swarthmore College in 1962 with a major in International Relations.[12] She earned her MA (1965) and PhD (1969) from the University of California, Berkeley, whose faculty she joined after teaching at the the University of California, Santa Cruz from 1969 to 1971.

Areas of research[edit]

Using in-depth interviews and observation, Hochschild's research has taken her into various social worlds. She has written about residents in a low-income housing project for the elderly (The Unexpected Community), flight attendants and bill collectors who perform "emotional labor" (The Managed Heart), working parents struggling to divide housework and childcare (The Second Shift), corporate employees dealing with a culture of workaholism (The Time Bind). She has also interviewed child and eldercare workers, internet-dating assistants, wedding planners (The Outsourced Self) and Filipina nannies who've left their children behind to care for those of American families (Global Woman). Her 2013 So How's the Family and Other Essays is a collection that includes essays on emotional labor—when do we enjoy it and when not?—empathy, and personal strategies for trying to have fun and “make meaning” in a life with little family time.

Her last two research projects have focused on the rise of the political right. Strangers in Their Own Land is based on five years of immersion research among Louisiana supporters of the Tea Party. Why, she asks, do residents of the nation's second poorest state vote for candidates who resist federal help? Why, in a highly polluted state, do voters prefer politicians reluctant to regulate polluting industries? Her search for answers led her to the concept of the "deep story.” The book was a National Book Award finalist, as well as one of the top ten best non-fiction books of the decade by the Boston Public Library.

In her forthcoming Stolen Pride: Loss, Shame, and the Rise of the Right, she locates herself in the nation's whitest and second poorest congressional district, where she finds residents facing a “perfect storm.” Coal jobs had gone. A tragic drug crisis had arrived. And in 2017, a white nationalist march was coming to town—a rehearsal, as it turned out, for the deadly Unite the Right march soon to take place in Charlottesville, Virginia. Once at the political center of the country, the district voted 80% for Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020. Hochschild explores a people’s strong culture of pride and struggle with  unwarranted shame, and finds in this a lens through which to see politics in America today, and in many other times and places.

Emotion in Social Life[edit]

Hochschild proposes that human emotions—joy, sadness, anger, elation, jealousy, envy, despair—are partly social. Each culture, she argues, provides its members with prototypes of feeling which, like the different keys on a piano, attune us to different inner notes. She provides an example of the Tahitians, who have one word, "sick," for what in other cultures might correspond to envy, depression, grief, or sadness. Culture guides the act of recognizing a feeling by proposing what's possible for us to feel. In The Managed Heart, Hochschild cites the Czech novelist Milan Kundera, who writes that the Czech word "litost" refers to an indefinable longing, mixed with remorse and grief—a constellation of feelings with no equivalent in any other language. It is not that non-Czechs never feel litost, she notes; it is that they are not, in the same way, invited to lift out and affirm the feeling.

Feeling Rules[edit]

Hochschild also explores the concepts of feeling rules and framing rules—inspired by the work of Erving Goffman. The norm that women’s place is in the home, for example, is a framing rule, while the norm governing how happy to feel about being at home or how guilty to feel about being absent is a feeling rule.

Emotional labor: Surface acting and deep acting[edit]

In the realm of emotional labor, Hochschild introduces the concepts of surface acting and deep acting. Surface acting is the effort to achieve a “correct” outward display of an emotion which does not align with one's inner feeling. Deep acting entails the effort to “psyche oneself up” so as to actually feel what is required by the job.

"Emotional labor," a term first defined by Hochschild, refers to the management of one's feelings and expressions based on the emotional requirements of a job. For example, in The Managed Heart, Hochschild writes of how flight attendants are trained to control passengers' feelings during times of turbulence and dangerous situations while suppressing their own fear or anxiety. Bill collectors, as well, are often trained to imagine debtors as lazy or dishonest, so they can feel suspicious and intimidating. As the number of service jobs grows, so too does the number of kinds of emotional labor. In the era of COVID-19, she argues, many front-line workers will do the emotional labor of suppressing heightened anxieties about their own health and that of their families while dealing with the fear, anxiety and sometimes hostility of the public.[13] Hochschild claims “that emotional labor is now in greater demand than ever before as our society moves from factories and the production of material goods to a service economy requiring more face-to-face interaction."[14] She has written that the "idea of emotional labor—and of a sociology of emotions in general—helps illuminate the 'hidden injuries,' to quote Richard Sennett, of all the systems we study, including the latest versions of sexism, racism, and capitalism."[15]

Emotional labor has gone global, she argues. In her essay, "Love and Gold," in Global Woman she describes immigrant care workers who leave their children and elderly back in the Philippines, Mexico or elsewhere in the global South, to take paid jobs caring for the young and elderly in families in the affluent North. Such jobs call on workers to manage grief and anguish vis-a-vis their own long-unseen children, spouses, and elderly parents, even as they try to feel—and genuinely do feel—warm attachment to the children and elders they daily care for in the North. Hochschild describes such a pattern as a global care chain.

Disengagement theory[edit]

In her earlier work, Hochschild critiqued the disengagement theory of aging. According to that theory, inevitably and universally, through disengagement, the individual experiences a social death before they experience physical death.[16] But in the low-income housing project she studied for her PhD Dissertation and later published as The Unexpected Community, she discovered among the lively group of elderly residents a culture of continued engagement. When they died, it seemed, it was "with their boots on."[16] Across the world, she suggests, individuals differ in their ideals of aging, in the feeling rules they apply to life, and may even differ in the very experience of death.[16]

Work and family[edit]

In other books, Hochschild applies her perspective on emotion to the American family. In The Second Shift, she argues that the family has been stuck in a "stalled revolution." Most mothers work for pay outside the home; that is the revolution. But the jobs they have and the men they come home to haven't changed as rapidly or deeply as she has; that is the stall. Hochschild traces links between a couple's division of labor and their underlying "economy of gratitude." Who, she asks, is grateful to whom, and for what?

In The Time Bind, Hochschild studied working parents at a Fortune 500 company dealing with an important contradiction. On one hand, nearly everyone she talked to told her that "my family comes first." However, when she asked informants "Where do you get help when you need it?" or "Where are you most rewarded for what you do, work or home?" for some 20 percent the answer was "at work." For them, "family becomes like work and work takes on the feel and tone of the family."[17]

In an interview with the Journal of Consumer Culture, Hochschild describes how capitalism plays a role in one's "imaginary self"—the self we would be if only we had time.[18]

Honors[edit]

Hochschild has received honorary degrees from Harvard University (2021), the University of Lausanne, Switzerland (2018), Westminster College, Pennsylvania (2018), Mount St. Vincent University, Canada (2013), the University of Lapland, Finland (2012), Aalborg University, Denmark (2004), the University of Oslo, Norway (2000), and Swarthmore College (1993). She also received the Ulysses Medal from University College Dublin, Ireland (2015).[7]

Bibliography[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1973). The unexpected community. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-936385-6.
  • The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-520-05454-7.
  • The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home. Viking. 1989. ISBN 978-0-670-82463-2.
  • The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. Metropolitan Books. 1997. ISBN 978-0-8050-4471-3.
  • The Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes from Home and Work. University of California Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-520-21488-0.
  • —; Ehrenreich, Barbara, eds. (2003). Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7509-0.
  • The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times. Metropolitan Books. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8050-8889-2.
  • So How's the Family? and Other Essays. University of California Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-520-27228-6.
  • —; Tronto, Joan; Gilligan, Carol (2013). Contre l'Indifférence Des Privilégiés: à Quoi Sert le Care (in French). Paris: Payot. ISBN 978-2-228-90877-1.
  • Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. The New Press. 2016. ISBN 978-1-62097-225-0.
  • Hochschild, Arlie (July 15, 2016). Coleen - The Question Girl. Blurb. ISBN 978-1-367-45897-0.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Emeritus Faculty | UC Berkeley Sociology Department". sociology.berkeley.edu.
  2. ^ "Stolen Pride". The New Press. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  3. ^ "Strangers in Their Own Land". The New Press. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  4. ^ Thompson, Derek (December 29, 2020). "The Deep Story of Trumpism". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  5. ^ Nadasen, Premilla (2017). "Rethinking Care: Arlie Hochschild and the Global Care Chain". WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly. 45 (3–4): 124–128. doi:10.1353/wsq.2017.0049. S2CID 90203592.
  6. ^ Wharton, Amy S. (2011). "The Sociology of Arlie Hochschild". Work and Occupations. 38 (4): 459–464. doi:10.1177/0730888411418921. S2CID 145525401.
  7. ^ a b "Arlie R. Hochschild". sociology.berkeley.edu. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  8. ^ Hochschild, Arlie (1974). Coleen The Question Girl. Feminist Press. ISBN 9780912670126.
  9. ^ "Ex-Ambassador F.H. Russell Dies at Age 84". Washington Post. April 2, 1989. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  10. ^ Hochshild, Arlie (2016). Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right.
  11. ^ Hochschild, Arlie Russell (April 2003). The Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes from Home and Work. University of California Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780520214880.
  12. ^ a b "A Playful Spirit – Swarthmore College Bulletin". Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  13. ^ Stix, Gary (November 1, 2020). "Emotional Labor Is a Store Clerk Confronting a Maskless Customer". Scientific American. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  14. ^ Farganis, James (2014). Readings in Social Theory (7th ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-07-802684-3.
  15. ^ Hochschild, Arlie. "Feeling Around The World". Contexts (Spring 2008).
  16. ^ a b c Hochschild, Arlie Russell (October 1975). "Disengagement Theory: A Critique and Proposal". American Sociological Review. 40 (5): 553–569. doi:10.2307/2094195. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2094195.
  17. ^ Wharton, Amy S. (2011). "The Sociology of Arlie Hochschild". Work and Occupations. 38 (4): 459–464. doi:10.1177/0730888411418921. S2CID 145525401.
  18. ^ Wilson, N. H., & Lande, B. J. (n.d). Feeling Capitalism: A Conversation with Arlie Hochschild. Sage Publications, Ltd.

Further reading[edit]

  • Greco, Monica, Carmen Leccardi, Roberta Sassatelli and Arlie Hochschild. "Roundtable on and with A. R. Hochschild, Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia," October/December 2014, pp. 819–840.
  • Mazzarela, Marete. 2014. "How to Turn Emotions into Capital," Svenska Dagbladet (February 27).
  • Smith, Stephen. 2014. "Arlie Russell Hochschild: Spacious Sociologies of Emotion," Oxford Handbook of Sociology, Social Theory, and Organization Studies: Contemporary Currents, (edited by Paul Adler, Paul du Gay, Glenn Morgan and Mike Reed).
  • Introduction by A. Grandey, in Emotional Labor in the 21st Century: Diverse Perspectives on Emotion Regulation at Work (2013) by Grandey, A., Diefendorff, J.A., & Rupp, D. (Eds.). New York, NY: Psychology Press/Routledge.
  • Kimmel, Sherri. 2013. "A Playful Spirit," Swarthmore College Bulletin, April, A Playful Spirit – Swarthmore College Bulletin.
  • Koch, Gertraud, & Stephanie Everke Buchanan (eds). 2013. Pathways to Empathy: New Studies on Commodification, Emotional Labor and Time Binds. Campus Verlag-Arbeit und Alltag, University of Chicago Press. (The book is based on papers given at an "International Workshop in Honour of Arlie Russell Hochschild," Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany (November 12–13, 2011).)
  • Garey, Anita Ilta and Karen V. Hansen. 2011. "Introduction: An Eye on Emotion in the Study of Families and Work." pp. 1–14 in At the Heart of Work and Family: Engaging the Ideas of Arlie Hochschild, edited by Anita Ilta Garey and Karen V. Hansen. New Brunswick: NJ.
  • Wharton, Amy S. 2011. "The Sociology of Arlie Hochschild", Work and Occupations, 38(4), pp. 459–464.
  • Alis, David. 2009. "Travail Emotionnel, Dissonance Emotionnelle, et Contrefaçon De I'Intimité: Vingt-Cinq Ans Après La Publication de Managed Heart d'Arlie R. Hochschild." in Politiques de L'Intime, edited by I. Berrebi-Hoffmann. Paris, France: Editions La Decouverte.
  • Sakiyama, Haruo. 2008. "Theoretical Contribution of Arlie Hochschild" (in Japanese). In Japanese Handbook of Sociology, edited by S. Inoue and K. Ito. Kyoto, Japan: Sekai-Shiso-Sya
  • Farganis, James. 2007. Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
  • Wilson, N. H., & Lande, B. J. 2005. Feeling Capitalism: A Conversation with Arlie Hochschild. Sage Publications, Ltd.
  • Skucinska, Anna. 2002. "Nowe Obszary Utowardowienia" (in Czech).
  • Adams, Bert N. and R.A. Sydie. 2001. Sociological Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
  • Hanninen, Vilma, Jukka Partanen, and Oili-Helena Ylijoki, eds. 2001. Sosiaalipsykologian Suunnannäyttäjiä. Tampere, Finland: Vastapaino.
  • Smith, Stephen Lloyd. 1999. "Arlie Hochschild: Soft-spoken Conservationist of Emotions: Review and Assessment of Arlie Hochschild's work," in Soundings, Issue 11 – Emotional Labour, Spring 1999, pp. 120–127.
  • Williams, Simon J. 1998. Chapter 18. pp. 240–251 in Key Sociological Thinkers, edited by R. Stones. New York: New York University Press.

External links[edit]

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