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== Toxicity ==
== Toxicity ==


The entire yew bush, except for the fleshy berry surrounding the seed, is toxic due to a group of chemicals called [[Taxine Alkaloids|taxine alkaloids]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Christina R.|last2=Sauer|first2=John-Michael|last3=Hooser|first3=Stephen B.|date=2001|title=Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids|journal=Toxicon|volume=39|issue=2–3|pages=175–185|doi=10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00146-x|issn=0041-0101}}</ref> Yew poisonings are relatively common in both domestic and wild animals who consume the plant accidentally.<ref>{{Cite url|url=https://www.promedmail.org/post/4789644|access-date=25 January 2016|date=24 January 2016|title=JAPANESE YEW PLANT POISONING - USA: (IDAHO) PRONGHORN ANTELOPE|publisher=[[ProMED-mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite url|url=https://www.promedmail.org/post/20110222.0578|access-date=25 January 2016|date=22 February 2011|title=PLANT POISONING, CERVID - USA: (ALASKA) ORNAMENTAL TREE, MOOSE|publisher=[[ProMED-mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tiwary|first=Asheesh K.|last2=Puschner|first2=Birgit|last3=Kinde|first3=Hailu|last4=Tor |first4=Elizabeth R.|date=May 2005|title=Diagnosis of Taxus (yew) poisoning in a horse|journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation|volume=17|issue=3|pages=252–255>|doi=10.1177/104063870501700307|issn=1040-6387 |pmid=15945382}}</ref> Taxine B, the most toxic of the taxine alkaloids, is a cardiotoxin which works by disrupting the calcium and sodium currents of the [[myocardial]] cells.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Toxic plants and other natural toxicants|date=1998|publisher=CAB International|last1=Garland|first1=Tam|last2=Barr|first2=A.|Catherine |others=International Symposium on Poisonous Plants (5th : 1997 : Texas) |isbn=0851992633|location=Wallingford, England|oclc=39013798}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alloatti|first=G.|last2=Penna|first2=C.|last3=Levi|first3=R.C.|last4=Gallo|first4=M.P.|last5=Appendino|first5=G. |last6=Fenoglio|first6=I.|date=1996|title=Effects of yew alkaloids and related compounds on guinea-pig isolated perfused heart and papillary muscle|journal=Life Sciences |volume=58 issue=10|pages=845–854|issn=0024-3205 |pmid=8602118 |doi=10.1016/0024-3205(96)00018-5}}</ref> The taxine alkaloids are absorbed quickly from the intestine and in high enough quantities can cause death due to cardiac arrest or respiratory failure.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Poisonous plants of California|date=1986|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|last=Fuller|first=Thomas C.|last2=McClintock|first2=Elizabeth M.|isbn=0520055683|oclc=13009854}}</ref> Ingesting yew causes symptoms such as dizziness, dilation of pupils, abdominal pain, nausea and [[arrythmia]].<ref>{{Cite url|url=https://www.promedmail.org/post/20110222.0578|access-date=25 January 2016|date=22 February 2011|title=PLANT POISONING, CERVID - USA: (ALASKA) ORNAMENTAL TREE, MOOSE|publisher=[[ProMED-mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms|date=2009|publisher=Timber Press |last=Turner|first=Nancy J.|last2=von Aderkas |first2=P.|isbn=9781604691450 |location=Portland|oclc=747112294}}</ref> Taxus Baccata leaves contain approximately 5mg taxines per 1g of leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smythies|first=J.R.|last2=Benington |first2=F.|last3=Morin|first4=R.D.|last4=Al-Zahid |first4=G.|last5=Schoepfle|first5=G.|date=1975|title=The action of the alkaloids from yew (Taxus baccata) on the action potential in the Xenopus medullated axon|journal=Experentia|volume=31|pages=337–338}}</ref> The estimated(i.e. not by any means a fact) [[Minimum lethal dose|lethal dose]] (LD<sub>min</sub>) of Taxus leaves(species leaves taken from is not specified) is 3.0-6.5 mg/kg body weight for humans, 1–2 mg/kg for horses and 82.5 mg/kg for chickens(this is taken from a secondary source)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Veterinary toxicology : basic and clinical principles |date=2012|publisher=Academic|last=Gupta|first=Ramesh C. |isbn=9780123859266|edition=2nd |location=Oxford|oclc=778786624}}</ref> The original source for the LD<sub>min</sub> above is taken from<ref>{{Cite book|title=Taxaceae. In The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa|pages=1019–1022|date=1962|publisher=Livingston|location=Edinburgh, UK|last=Watt|first=J.M.|last2=Breyer-Brandwijk|first2=M.G.}}</ref> Perhaps the species of leaves are mentioned there. The primary source for the the body weight, 80kg, of the estimated human LD<sub>min</sub> is taken from<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Biological Data|date=1956|publisher=Wright–Patterson Air Force Base|location=Wright–Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio|last=Spector|first=W.S.}}</ref> Ingesting yew causes symptoms such as dizziness, dilation of pupils, abdominal pain, nausea and an irregular heartbeat.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms||date=2009|publisher=Timber Press||location=Portland|last=Turner|first=Nancy J.|last2=von Aderkas|first2=P.|isbn=9781604691450|oclc=747112294}}</ref> There is currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning but drugs such as [[atropine]] have been used to treat the symptoms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Veterinary Toxicology|pages=947-954|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|last=Wilson|first=Christina R.|last2=Hooser |first2=Stephen B.|isbn=9780128114100|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-811410-0.00066-0}}</ref>
The entire yew bush, except for the fleshy berry surrounding the seed, is toxic due to a group of chemicals called [[Taxine Alkaloids|taxine alkaloids]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Christina R.|last2=Sauer|first2=John-Michael|last3=Hooser|first3=Stephen B.|date=2001|title=Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids|journal=Toxicon|volume=39|issue=2–3|pages=175–185|doi=10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00146-x|issn=0041-0101}}</ref> Yew poisonings are relatively common in both domestic and wild animals who consume the plant accidentally.<ref>{{Cite url|url=https://www.promedmail.org/post/4789644|access-date=25 January 2016|date=24 January 2016|title=JAPANESE YEW PLANT POISONING - USA: (IDAHO) PRONGHORN ANTELOPE|publisher=[[ProMED-mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite url|url=https://www.promedmail.org/post/20110222.0578|access-date=25 January 2016|date=22 February 2011|title=PLANT POISONING, CERVID - USA: (ALASKA) ORNAMENTAL TREE, MOOSE|publisher=[[ProMED-mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tiwary|first=Asheesh K.|last2=Puschner|first2=Birgit|last3=Kinde|first3=Hailu|last4=Tor |first4=Elizabeth R.|date=May 2005|title=Diagnosis of Taxus (yew) poisoning in a horse|journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation|volume=17|issue=3|pages=252–255>|doi=10.1177/104063870501700307|issn=1040-6387 |pmid=15945382}}</ref> Taxine B, the most toxic of the taxine alkaloids, is a cardiotoxin which works by disrupting the calcium and sodium currents of the [[myocardial]] cells.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Toxic plants and other natural toxicants|date=1998|publisher=CAB International|last1=Garland|first1=Tam|last2=Barr|first2=A.|Catherine |others=International Symposium on Poisonous Plants (5th : 1997 : Texas) |isbn=0851992633|location=Wallingford, England|oclc=39013798}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alloatti|first=G.|last2=Penna|first2=C.|last3=Levi|first3=R.C.|last4=Gallo|first4=M.P.|last5=Appendino|first5=G. |last6=Fenoglio|first6=I.|date=1996|title=Effects of yew alkaloids and related compounds on guinea-pig isolated perfused heart and papillary muscle|journal=Life Sciences |volume=58 issue=10|pages=845–854|issn=0024-3205 |pmid=8602118 |doi=10.1016/0024-3205(96)00018-5}}</ref> The taxine alkaloids are absorbed quickly from the intestine and in high enough quantities can cause death due to cardiac arrest or respiratory failure.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Poisonous plants of California|date=1986|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|last=Fuller|first=Thomas C.|last2=McClintock|first2=Elizabeth M.|isbn=0520055683|oclc=13009854}}</ref> Ingesting yew causes symptoms such as dizziness, dilation of pupils, abdominal pain, nausea and [[arrythmia]].<ref>{{Cite url|url=https://www.promedmail.org/post/20110222.0578|access-date=25 January 2016|date=22 February 2011|title=PLANT POISONING, CERVID - USA: (ALASKA) ORNAMENTAL TREE, MOOSE|publisher=[[ProMED-mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms|date=2009|publisher=Timber Press |last=Turner|first=Nancy J.|last2=von Aderkas |first2=P.|isbn=9781604691450 |location=Portland|oclc=747112294}}</ref> Taxus Baccata leaves contain approximately 5mg taxines per 1g of leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smythies|first=J.R.|last2=Benington |first2=F.|last3=Morin|first4=R.D.|last4=Al-Zahid |first4=G.|last5=Schoepfle|first5=G.|date=1975|title=The action of the alkaloids from yew (Taxus baccata) on the action potential in the Xenopus medullated axon|journal=Experentia|volume=31|pages=337–338}}</ref> The estimated(i.e. not by any means a fact) [[Minimum lethal dose|lethal dose]] (LD<sub>min</sub>) of Taxus leaves(species leaves taken from is not specified) is 3.0-6.5 mg/kg body weight for humans, 1–2 mg/kg for horses and 82.5 mg/kg for chickens(this is taken from a secondary source)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Veterinary toxicology : basic and clinical principles |edition=2nd|date=2012|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|last=Gupta|first=Ramesh C.|isbn=9780123859266|oclc=778786624}}</ref> The original source for the LD<sub>min</sub> above is taken from<ref>{{Cite book|title=Taxaceae. In The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa|pages=1019–1022|date=1962|publisher=Livingston|location=Edinburgh, UK|last=Watt|first=J.M.|last2=Breyer-Brandwijk|first2=M.G.}}</ref> Perhaps the species of leaves are mentioned there. The primary source for the the body weight, 80kg, of the estimated human LD<sub>min</sub> is taken from<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Biological Data|date=1956|publisher=Wright–Patterson Air Force Base|location=Wright–Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio|last=Spector|first=W.S.}}</ref> Ingesting yew causes symptoms such as dizziness, dilation of pupils, abdominal pain, nausea and an irregular heartbeat.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms||date=2009|publisher=Timber Press||location=Portland|last=Turner|first=Nancy J.|last2=von Aderkas|first2=P.|isbn=9781604691450|oclc=747112294}}</ref> There is currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning but drugs such as [[atropine]] have been used to treat the symptoms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Veterinary Toxicology|pages=947-954|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|last=Wilson|first=Christina R.|last2=Hooser |first2=Stephen B.|isbn=9780128114100|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-811410-0.00066-0}}</ref>


{{Commons|Taxus cuspidata}}
{{Commons|Taxus cuspidata}}

Revision as of 12:51, 5 September 2019

Taxus cuspidata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Taxaceae
Genus: Taxus
Species:
T. cuspidata
Binomial name
Taxus cuspidata

Taxus cuspidata, the Japanese yew[2] or spreading yew, is a member of the genus Taxus, native to Japan, Korea, northeast China and the extreme southeast of Russia.

It is an evergreen tree or large shrub growing to 10–18 m tall, with a trunk up to 60 cm diameter. The leaves are lanceolate, flat, dark green, 1–3 cm long and 2–3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flattish rows either side of the stem except on erect leading shoots where the spiral arrangement is more obvious.

The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4–8 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8–12 mm long and wide and open at the end. The arils are mature 6–9 months after pollination. Individual trees from Sikhote-Alin are known to have been 1,000 years old.[3]

Uses

It is widely grown in eastern Asia and eastern North America as an ornamental plant.

  • Closeup of the leaves on a stem
    Closeup of the leaves on a stem
  • Rough bark of the tree
    Rough bark of the tree

Toxicity

The entire yew bush, except for the fleshy berry surrounding the seed, is toxic due to a group of chemicals called taxine alkaloids.[4] Yew poisonings are relatively common in both domestic and wild animals who consume the plant accidentally.[5][6][7] Taxine B, the most toxic of the taxine alkaloids, is a cardiotoxin which works by disrupting the calcium and sodium currents of the myocardial cells.[8][9] The taxine alkaloids are absorbed quickly from the intestine and in high enough quantities can cause death due to cardiac arrest or respiratory failure.[10] Ingesting yew causes symptoms such as dizziness, dilation of pupils, abdominal pain, nausea and arrythmia.[11][12] Taxus Baccata leaves contain approximately 5mg taxines per 1g of leaves.[13] The estimated(i.e. not by any means a fact) lethal dose (LDmin) of Taxus leaves(species leaves taken from is not specified) is 3.0-6.5 mg/kg body weight for humans, 1–2 mg/kg for horses and 82.5 mg/kg for chickens(this is taken from a secondary source)[14] The original source for the LDmin above is taken from[15] Perhaps the species of leaves are mentioned there. The primary source for the the body weight, 80kg, of the estimated human LDmin is taken from[16] Ingesting yew causes symptoms such as dizziness, dilation of pupils, abdominal pain, nausea and an irregular heartbeat.[17] There is currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning but drugs such as atropine have been used to treat the symptoms.[18]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taxus cuspidata.

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN2006
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Taxus cuspidata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  3. ^ "Памятник природы "Сихотэ - Алинь". Центр реабилитации диких животных "УТЕС"" [The nature monument "Sikhote - Alin". Center for the rehabilitation of wild animals "UTES"]. Туристические комплексы[Tourist complexes] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Wilson, Christina R.; Sauer, John-Michael; Hooser, Stephen B. (2001). "Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids". Toxicon. 39 (2–3): 175–185. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00146-x. ISSN 0041-0101.
  5. ^ "JAPANESE YEW PLANT POISONING - USA: (IDAHO) PRONGHORN ANTELOPE". ProMED-mail. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  6. ^ "PLANT POISONING, CERVID - USA: (ALASKA) ORNAMENTAL TREE, MOOSE". ProMED-mail. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  7. ^ Tiwary, Asheesh K.; Puschner, Birgit; Kinde, Hailu; Tor, Elizabeth R. (May 2005). "Diagnosis of Taxus (yew) poisoning in a horse". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 17 (3): 252–255>. doi:10.1177/104063870501700307. ISSN 1040-6387. PMID 15945382.
  8. ^ Garland, Tam; Barr, A. (1998). Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. International Symposium on Poisonous Plants (5th : 1997 : Texas). Wallingford, England: CAB International. ISBN 0851992633. OCLC 39013798. {{cite book}}: Text "Catherine" ignored (help)
  9. ^ Alloatti, G.; Penna, C.; Levi, R.C.; Gallo, M.P.; Appendino, G.; Fenoglio, I. (1996). "Effects of yew alkaloids and related compounds on guinea-pig isolated perfused heart and papillary muscle". Life Sciences. 58 issue=10: 845–854. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00018-5. ISSN 0024-3205. PMID 8602118. {{cite journal}}: Missing pipe in: |volume= (help)
  10. ^ Fuller, Thomas C.; McClintock, Elizabeth M. (1986). Poisonous plants of California. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520055683. OCLC 13009854.
  11. ^ "PLANT POISONING, CERVID - USA: (ALASKA) ORNAMENTAL TREE, MOOSE". ProMED-mail. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  12. ^ Turner, Nancy J.; von Aderkas, P. (2009). The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 9781604691450. OCLC 747112294.
  13. ^ Smythies, J.R.; Benington, F.; Morin; Al-Zahid, G.; Schoepfle, G. (1975). "The action of the alkaloids from yew (Taxus baccata) on the action potential in the Xenopus medullated axon". Experentia. 31: 337–338.
  14. ^ Gupta, Ramesh C. (2012). Veterinary toxicology : basic and clinical principles (2nd ed.). Oxford: Academic. ISBN 9780123859266. OCLC 778786624.
  15. ^ Watt, J.M.; Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. (1962). Taxaceae. In The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Edinburgh, UK: Livingston. pp. 1019–1022.
  16. ^ Spector, W.S. (1956). Handbook of Biological Data. Wright–Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Wright–Patterson Air Force Base.
  17. ^ Turner, Nancy J.; von Aderkas, P. (2009). The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 9781604691450. OCLC 747112294. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |1= and |2= (help)
  18. ^ Wilson, Christina R.; Hooser, Stephen B. (2018). Veterinary Toxicology. Elsevier. pp. 947–954. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811410-0.00066-0. ISBN 9780128114100.
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