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→‎Description: Lobelia nectar <ref>+ (Greenway 1931) →‎In Hawaiian culture: Breadfruit birdlime <ref>+ (Degener 1930), who also mentions sparing of the feather birds (specifically mamo <ref>+USDA 1949, probably so based ''ʻōʻō'' <ref>+ Hiroa1944. Commenting out WP:OR speculation on this birds surviving or not a trapping or
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The '''Hawai{{okina}}i mamo''' ('''''Drepanis pacifica''''') is an extinct [[species]] of [[Hawaiian honeycreeper]]. It was [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Hawaii]]. It became extinct due to [[habitat loss]], mosquitoes, introduced predators such as the [[small Indian mongoose]], and overcollecting.
The '''Hawai{{okina}}i mamo''' ('''''Drepanis pacifica''''') is an extinct [[species]] of [[Hawaiian honeycreeper]]. It was [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii Island]]. It became extinct due to [[habitat loss]], mosquitoes, introduced predators such as the [[small Indian mongoose]], and overcollecting.


==Description==
==Description==
[[Image:Drepanis pacifica-Keulemans.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration]]
[[Image:Drepanis pacifica-Keulemans.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration]]
This bird averaged 9 inches (22.86&nbsp;cm) in length. It was mostly black with bright yellow feathers on its rump, undertail coverts, shoulders, and legs. There was a white patch on the primaries. It had small, black eyes and was the centerpiece of portraits. It had a slightly decurved blackish bill, some three inches long. Juveniles may have been brown.<ref>http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Olson-Hume-Drepanis-plumages.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> This shy species lived in the [[forest]] canopy and fed on [[Hawaiian lobelioids#Lobelia|''Lobelia'']] [[nectar]], from the plant's curved, tubular [[flowers]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Its call was a long, plaintive [[whistle]].
The bird's natural habitat was limited to the Big Island ([[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii Island]]).<ref name="force&force1968"/><ref name="pratt2005"/> This bird averaged 9 inches (22.86&nbsp;cm) in length. It was mostly black with bright yellow feathers on its rump, undertail coverts, shoulders, and legs. There was a white patch on the primaries. It had small, black eyes and was the centerpiece of portraits. It had a slightly decurved blackish bill, some three inches long. Juveniles may have been brown.<ref>http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Olson-Hume-Drepanis-plumages.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> This shy species lived in the [[forest]] canopy and fed particularly on [[Hawaiian lobelioids#Lobelia|''Lobelia'']] [[nectar]], from the plant's curved, tubular [[flowers]], as flowers of ''[[Pritchardia]]'' palms.<ref name="greenway1931"/> Its call was a long, plaintive [[whistle]].{{Refn|name="plaintive_call"}}


==In Hawaiian culture==
==In Hawaiian culture==
The mamo was one of the most honored birds in pre-European [[Hawaii]]an society. Its yellow feathers were used to create capes and hats ([[featherwork]]) for royalty.<ref name = "Quammen"/> Feather collecting contributed to the bird's decline. The famous yellow cloak of [[Kamehameha I]] is estimated to have taken the reigns of eight monarchs and the golden feathers of 80,000 birds to complete.<ref name = "Quammen"/>
The mamo was one of the most honored birds in pre-European [[Hawaii]]an society. Its yellow feathers were used to create capes and hats ([[featherwork]]) for royalty.<ref name = "Quammen"/> Feather collecting contributed to the bird's decline. The famous yellow cloak of [[Kamehameha I]] is estimated to have taken the reigns of eight monarchs and the golden feathers of 80,000 birds to complete.<ref name = "Quammen"/>


The natives caught the bird by noose or by [[birdlime]], and would lure it by imitating its call.<ref name="munro2012"/> The call is said to be "a single rather long and plaintive note"{{Refn|name="plaintive_call"|The call was demonstrated to Perkins (1903), p. 399).<ref name="munro2012"/><ref name="pratt2005"/>}} so this may have been a song rather than a call.<ref name="pratt2005"/> The Hawaiian recipe for their sticky birdlime consisted of [[sap]] from [[breadfruit]] ({{lang-haw|{{linktext|ʻulu}}}}) or other plants.{{efn|Also the fruits of lobelias.<!--also fruits of Rockia and Calpidia acc. Degener--><!--[[Santalum|sandalwood]] is unsourced-->}}<ref name="degener1930"/><ref name="USDA1949"/>
Hawaiians collected the birds by removing [[sap]] from [[Santalum|sandalwood]] trees and [[breadfruit]] to create a sticky paste that they placed near the blossoms of lobelias.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} A hungry mamo would drink the nectar, and its feet would get stuck in the sap.


Some scientists claim that after plucking, mamo were kept as pets, or cooked.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Others claimed that the birds were released, and that there was a [[Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|Kapu]] or restriction that required live release.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Even if the birds were released, they would still be in a state of shock and risk injury.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} However, Hawaiian birds are relatively tame and unafraid when captured, and so might have survived handling better than most birds.
<!--Deleted the "eating" mamo. Hiroa1944 writes that the red birds were generally killed (since all of its feathers were usable), then eaten, but this did not extend to the black birds with only small amounts of yellow-->The native feather-hunter ({{lang|en|poe kawili}}) developed (at the behest of King Kamehameha<ref name="degener1930"/>) the practice of sparing and releasing any birdlime-caught birds with only a few (yellow) feathers to be harvested, namely the ''[[ʻōʻō]]'' and the ''mamo''.<ref name="hiroa1944"/>{{Refn|name="l&s-cit-degener"|Little & Skolmen,<ref name="USDA1949"/> citing Degener.<ref name="degener1930"/>}} <!---[[WP:OR]] Even if the birds were released, they would still be in a state of shock and risk injury.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} This birds has been reported as tame unafraid when captured,<ref name="munro2012"/> and so might have survived handling better than most birds. -->


==Settler impact and extinction==
==Settler impact and extinction==
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European settlers changed the mamo's habitat to support agriculture and cattle ranching, which damaged the bird's food source. Cattle roamed loose in the forests, destroying the understory ecosystem. Small Indian mongooses were introduced to control [[Rat|rats]], but they also preyed on native birds. Even though this was discovered early and was well known to the Hawaiians, the mamo quickly disappeared.
European settlers changed the mamo's habitat to support agriculture and cattle ranching, which damaged the bird's food source. Cattle roamed loose in the forests, destroying the understory ecosystem. Small Indian mongooses were introduced to control [[Rat|rats]], but they also preyed on native birds. Even though this was discovered early and was well known to the Hawaiians, the mamo quickly disappeared.


Introduced disease may have killed any birds that survived [[habitat destruction]]. There are many specimens of this bird in American and European museums. The bird seemed to disappear in 1898, but reports of this bird continued for a few more years. The last confirmed sighting was in July 1898 near Kaumana on the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawai{{okina}}i]] by a collector, Henry W. Henshaw, who, as mentioned by [[Tim Flannery]] in his book, ''A Gap In Nature'', shot and wounded a bird he was stalking, before it escaped with another bird.
Introduced disease may have killed any birds that survived [[habitat destruction]]. There are many specimens of this bird in American and European museums. The bird had not been particularly scarce until the 1880's.<ref name="munro2012"/>{{Refn|Though Force&Force (1968) writes that it became extinct by the 1880's.<ref name="force&force1968"/>}} But the last live specimen was obtained by [[Henry C. Palmer]] in 1892.<ref name="munro2012"/>{{Refn|Pratt: "by a native collector, working for Henry Palmer" in 1892".<ref name="pratt2005"/> citing Munro (1960).}} The last confirmed sighting dates to July 1898 near [[Kaumana Cave|Kaumana]] on the Island of Hawai{{okina}}i, as reported by a collector, [[Henry W. Henshaw]],{{Refn|Pratt, citing Henshaw (1902).<ref name="pratt2005"/>}} who, as mentioned by [[Tim Flannery]] in his book, ''A Gap In Nature'', shot and wounded a bird he was stalking, before it escaped with another bird.

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==<!-- Auk67:66 -->
==References==<!-- Auk67:66 -->
{{Reflist |refs =
{{Reflist |refs =
<ref name="degener1930">{{cite book|last=Degener |first=Otto |author-link=Otto Degener |title=Illustrated Guide to the More Common Or Noteworthy Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park: With Descriptions of Ancient Hawaiian Customs and an Introduction to the Geologic History of the Islands |location= |publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |date=1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm3IWYGJ_NsC&q=birdlime |pp=129–130}}</ref>

<ref name="force&force1968">{{cite book|last1=Force |first1=Roland W. |author1-link=<!--Roland W. Force--> |last2=Yapp |first2=William Brunsdon |author2-link=<!--Maryanne Force-->|title=Art and Artifacts of the 18th Century: Objects in the Leverian Museum as Painted by Sarah Stone |publisher=Bishop Museum Press |date=1968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8e0AAAAIAAJ&mamo |page=46 |isbn=<!--0715622382, -->9780715622384}}</ref>

<ref name="greenway1931">{{cite book|last=Greenway|first=
James C. Greenway |author-link=James Greenway |title=Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World |place=New York |publisher=American Committee for International Wild Life Protection |date=1931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1UmAQAAMAAJ&q=mamo+Lobelia |page=418 }}</ref>

<ref name="hiroa1944">{{cite journal|last=Hiroa |first=Te Rangi |author-link=Te Rangi Hiroa |title=The Local Evolution of Hawaiian Feather Capes and Cloaks |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=53 |number=1 |year=1944 |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_53_1944/Volume_53,_No._1/The_local_evolution_of_Hawaiian_feather_capes_and_cloaks,_by_Te_Rangi_Hiroa,_p_1-16/p1?action=null |page=10<!--1–16--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014222234/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_53_1944/Volume_53,_No._1/The_local_evolution_of_Hawaiian_feather_capes_and_cloaks,_by_Te_Rangi_Hiroa,_p_1-16/p1?action=null |archive-date=2008-10-14|quote=Apart from the few 'o'o that were killed for specific purposes, the birds caught with bird lime were plucked of their yellow feathers without harm and set free to maintain a future supply. As the duller black feathers of the mamo were not used, it is probable that they were never killed wittingly.}}</ref>

<ref name="munro2012">{{cite book|last=Munro|first=George C. |author-link=George Campbell Munro |title=Birds of Hawaii |location=Tokyo |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |date=2012 |orig-date=1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 |pp=<!--unpaginated-->|isbn=<!--146290954X, -->9781462909544}}</ref>

<ref name="pratt2005">{{cite book|last=Pratt |first=H. Douglas |author-link=Harold Douglas Pratt Jr. |title=The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae |location= |publisher=OUP Oxford |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?&id=-5IUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=twopage |pp=269–270 |isbn=<!--019854653X, -->9780198546535}}</ref>

<ref name = "Quammen">{{cite book | title = The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions | first = David | last = Quammen | year = 1996 | publisher = Scribner | location = New York, NY, US | isbn = 0-684-80083-7 | page = 318 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NXm8QdF5jEYC&pg=PA318}}</ref>
<ref name = "Quammen">{{cite book | title = The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions | first = David | last = Quammen | year = 1996 | publisher = Scribner | location = New York, NY, US | isbn = 0-684-80083-7 | page = 318 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NXm8QdF5jEYC&pg=PA318}}</ref>

<ref name="USDA1949">{{cite book|last1=Little |first1=((Elbert L., Jr.)) |author1-link=Elbert Luther Little |last2=Skolmen |first2=Roger G. |author2-link=<!--Roger G. Skolmen--> |title=Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced) |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |date=1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0GxFZ9mfcYC&pg=PA100 |page=100 |series=Agriculture Handbook 679}}</ref>
}}
}}


Revision as of 11:01, 14 March 2024

Hawaiʻi mamo
Specimen

Extinct (1898)  (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Presumed Extinct (1898)  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Drepanis
Species:
†D. pacifica
Binomial name
†Drepanis pacifica
(Gmelin, 1788)

The Hawaiʻi mamo (Drepanis pacifica) is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It was endemic to Hawaii Island. It became extinct due to habitat loss, mosquitoes, introduced predators such as the small Indian mongoose, and overcollecting.

Description

Illustration

The bird's natural habitat was limited to the Big Island (Hawaii Island).[3][4] This bird averaged 9 inches (22.86 cm) in length. It was mostly black with bright yellow feathers on its rump, undertail coverts, shoulders, and legs. There was a white patch on the primaries. It had small, black eyes and was the centerpiece of portraits. It had a slightly decurved blackish bill, some three inches long. Juveniles may have been brown.[5] This shy species lived in the forest canopy and fed particularly on Lobelia nectar, from the plant's curved, tubular flowers, as flowers of Pritchardia palms.[6] Its call was a long, plaintive whistle.[7]

In Hawaiian culture

The mamo was one of the most honored birds in pre-European Hawaiian society. Its yellow feathers were used to create capes and hats (featherwork) for royalty.[8] Feather collecting contributed to the bird's decline. The famous yellow cloak of Kamehameha I is estimated to have taken the reigns of eight monarchs and the golden feathers of 80,000 birds to complete.[8]

The natives caught the bird by noose or by birdlime, and would lure it by imitating its call.[9] The call is said to be "a single rather long and plaintive note"[7] so this may have been a song rather than a call.[4] The Hawaiian recipe for their sticky birdlime consisted of sap from breadfruit (Hawaiian: ʻulu) or other plants.[a][10][11]

The native feather-hunter (poe kawili) developed (at the behest of King Kamehameha[10]) the practice of sparing and releasing any birdlime-caught birds with only a few (yellow) feathers to be harvested, namely the ʻōʻō and the mamo.[12][13]

Settler impact and extinction

Turnaround video

Due to their bright colors, the birds were also popular with European collectors.

European settlers changed the mamo's habitat to support agriculture and cattle ranching, which damaged the bird's food source. Cattle roamed loose in the forests, destroying the understory ecosystem. Small Indian mongooses were introduced to control rats, but they also preyed on native birds. Even though this was discovered early and was well known to the Hawaiians, the mamo quickly disappeared.

Introduced disease may have killed any birds that survived habitat destruction. There are many specimens of this bird in American and European museums. The bird had not been particularly scarce until the 1880's.[9][14] But the last live specimen was obtained by Henry C. Palmer in 1892.[9][15] The last confirmed sighting dates to July 1898 near Kaumana on the Island of Hawaiʻi, as reported by a collector, Henry W. Henshaw,[16] who, as mentioned by Tim Flannery in his book, A Gap In Nature, shot and wounded a bird he was stalking, before it escaped with another bird.

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Also the fruits of lobelias.

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720848A94686625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Drepanis pacifica. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b Force, Roland W.; Yapp, William Brunsdon (1968). Art and Artifacts of the 18th Century: Objects in the Leverian Museum as Painted by Sarah Stone. Bishop Museum Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780715622384.
  4. ^ a b c d e Pratt, H. Douglas (2005). The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. OUP Oxford. pp. 269–270. ISBN 9780198546535.
  5. ^ http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Olson-Hume-Drepanis-plumages.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ Greenway, James C. Greenway (1931). Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. p. 418.
  7. ^ a b The call was demonstrated to Perkins (1903), p. 399).[9][4]
  8. ^ a b Quammen, David (1996). The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions. New York, NY, US: Scribner. p. 318. ISBN 0-684-80083-7.
  9. ^ a b c d Munro, George C. (2012) [1960]. Birds of Hawaii. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462909544.
  10. ^ a b c Degener, Otto (1930). Illustrated Guide to the More Common Or Noteworthy Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park: With Descriptions of Ancient Hawaiian Customs and an Introduction to the Geologic History of the Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 129–130.
  11. ^ a b Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Skolmen, Roger G. (1949). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). Agriculture Handbook 679. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 100.
  12. ^ Hiroa, Te Rangi (1944). "The Local Evolution of Hawaiian Feather Capes and Cloaks". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 53 (1): 10. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Apart from the few 'o'o that were killed for specific purposes, the birds caught with bird lime were plucked of their yellow feathers without harm and set free to maintain a future supply. As the duller black feathers of the mamo were not used, it is probable that they were never killed wittingly.
  13. ^ Little & Skolmen,[11] citing Degener.[10]
  14. ^ Though Force&Force (1968) writes that it became extinct by the 1880's.[3]
  15. ^ Pratt: "by a native collector, working for Henry Palmer" in 1892".[4] citing Munro (1960).
  16. ^ Pratt, citing Henshaw (1902).[4]

External links

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