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'''Herpetology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning "[[reptile]]" or "creeping animal") is a branch of [[zoology]] which studies [[amphibian]]s (including [[frog]]s, [[toad]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[newt]]s, and caecilians ([[gymnophiona]])) and [[reptile]]s (including [[snake]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[amphisbaenia|amphisbaenids]], [[turtle]]s, [[terrapin]]s, [[tortoise]]s, [[crocodilia]]ns, and [[tuatara]]s).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herpetology - Latest research and news - Nature|url=https://www.nature.com/subjects/herpetology|access-date=2020-09-10|website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herpetology - Reptiles, Amphibians, Conservation - Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/herpetology |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herpetology - Latest research and news - Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/subjects/herpetology |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> [[Birds]], which are [[Cladistics|cladistically]] included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the separate scientific study of birds is the subject of [[ornithology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ornithology - Bird Identification, Behavior & Conservation - Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/ornithology |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
'''Herpetology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning "[[reptile]]" or "creeping animal") is a branch of [[zoology]] which studies [[amphibian]]s (including [[frog]]s, [[toad]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[newt]]s, and caecilians ([[gymnophiona]])) and [[reptile]]s (including [[snake]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[amphisbaenia|amphisbaenids]], [[turtle]]s, [[terrapin]]s, [[tortoise]]s, [[crocodilia]]ns, and [[tuatara]]s).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herpetology - Latest research and news - Nature|url=https://www.nature.com/subjects/herpetology|access-date=2020-09-10|website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herpetology - Reptiles, Amphibians, Conservation - Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/herpetology |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herpetology - Latest research and news - Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/subjects/herpetology |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> [[Birds]], which are [[Cladistics|cladistically]] included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the separate scientific study of birds is the subject of [[ornithology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ornithology - Bird Identification, Behavior & Conservation - Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/ornithology |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>


The definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of [[ectothermic|ectothermic (cold-blooded)]] [[tetrapod]]s. This definition of "herps" (otherwise called "herptiles" or "herpetofauna") excludes [[fish]], but it is not uncommon for herpetological and [[ichthyology|ichthyological]] (Study of fish),scientific societies to collaborate. Examples include publishing joint [[Academic journal|journals]] and holding [[conference]]s to foster the exchange of ideas between the fields, as the [[American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists]] does.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recent Meetings |url=https://www.asih.org/meetings/recent-meetings |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herptetologists |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Herpetological society|Herpetological societies]] are formed to promote interest in reptiles and amphibians, both [[Captivity|captive]] and wild.
The definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of [[ectothermic|ectothermic (cold-blooded)]] [[tetrapod]]s. This definition of "herps" (otherwise called "herptiles" or "herpetofauna") excludes [[fish]], but it is not uncommon for herpetological and [[ichthyology|ichthyological]] scientific societies to collaborate. Examples include publishing joint [[Academic journal|journals]] and holding [[conference]]s to foster the exchange of ideas between the fields, as the [[American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists]] does.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recent Meetings |url=https://www.asih.org/meetings/recent-meetings |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herptetologists |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Herpetological society|Herpetological societies]] are formed to promote interest in reptiles and amphibians, both [[Captivity|captive]] and wild.


Herpetological studies can offer benefits relevant to humanity-centric fields by researching of the role of amphibians and reptiles in [[ecology|global ecology]]. For example, by monitoring amphibians that are very sensitive to environmental changes, herpetologists record visible warnings that significant changes in climate are taking place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why are amphibian populations declining? - U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/why-are-amphibian-populations-declining |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amphibians as indicators of environmental health |url=https://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/amphibians-as-indicators/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Amphibian Ark |language=en-US}}</ref> Whilst they can be deadly, some [[toxin]]s and [[venom]]s produced by reptiles and amphibians are useful in [[human medicine]]. Currently, some [[snake venom]] has been used to create [[anti-coagulants]] that work to treat [[stroke]]s and [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How venoms are shaping medical advances - BBC Earth |url=https://www.bbcearth.com/news/how-venoms-are-shaping-medical-advances |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.bbcearth.com |language=en}}</ref>
Herpetological studies can offer benefits relevant to humanity-centric fields by researching the role of amphibians and reptiles in [[ecology|global ecology]]. For example, by monitoring amphibians that are very sensitive to environmental changes, herpetologists record visible warnings that significant changes in climate are taking place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why are amphibian populations declining? - U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/why-are-amphibian-populations-declining |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amphibians as indicators of environmental health |url=https://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/amphibians-as-indicators/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Amphibian Ark |language=en-US}}</ref> Whilst they can be deadly, some [[toxin]]s and [[venom]]s produced by reptiles and amphibians are useful in [[human medicine]]. Currently, some [[snake venom]] has been used to create [[anti-coagulants]] that work to treat [[stroke]]s and [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How venoms are shaping medical advances - BBC Earth |url=https://www.bbcearth.com/news/how-venoms-are-shaping-medical-advances |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.bbcearth.com |language=en}}</ref>


==Naming and etymology==
==Naming and etymology==
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==Subfields==
==Subfields==
The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] groups''' such as frogs ([[batrachology]]),<ref name="Wareham2005">{{cite book|author=D.C. Wareham|title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Herpetological and Related Terminology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqDDmwLgMXcC&pg=PR9|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-046017-8}}</ref><ref name="Angelici2015">{{cite book|author=Francesco M. Angelici|title=Problematic Wildlife: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1c-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA584|date= 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-22246-2|pages=584–585}}</ref> snakes (ophiology or ophidiology), lizards (saurology) or turtles (cheloniology, chelonology, or testudinology).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rhodin |first=Anders G. J. |date=2 August 2017 |title=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.) |url=https://www.academia.edu/53519041/Turtles_of_the_World_Annotated_Checklist_and_Atlas_of_Taxonomy_Synonymy_Distribution_and_Conservation_Status_8th_Ed_ |journal=Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Inger |first=Robert F. |date=1992 |title=A Bimodal Feeding System in a Stream-Dwelling Larva of Rhacophorus from Borneo |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446167 |journal=Copeia |volume=1992 |issue=3 |pages=887–890 |doi=10.2307/1446167 |issn=0045-8511}}</ref>
The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] groups''' such as frogs ([[batrachology]]),<ref name="Wareham2005">{{cite book|author=D.C. Wareham|title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Herpetological and Related Terminology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqDDmwLgMXcC&pg=PR9|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-046017-8}}</ref><ref name="Angelici2015">{{cite book|author=Francesco M. Angelici|title=Problematic Wildlife: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1c-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA584|date= 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-22246-2|pages=584–585}}</ref> snakes (ophiology or ophidiology), lizards (saurology) and turtles (cheloniology, chelonology, or testudinology).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rhodin |first=Anders G. J. |date=2 August 2017 |title=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.) |url=https://www.academia.edu/53519041/Turtles_of_the_World_Annotated_Checklist_and_Atlas_of_Taxonomy_Synonymy_Distribution_and_Conservation_Status_8th_Ed_ |journal=Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Inger |first=Robert F. |date=1992 |title=A Bimodal Feeding System in a Stream-Dwelling Larva of Rhacophorus from Borneo |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446167 |journal=Copeia |volume=1992 |issue=3 |pages=887–890 |doi=10.2307/1446167 |issn=0045-8511}}</ref>


More generally, herpetologists work on '''functional problems''' in the [[ecology]], [[evolution]], [[physiology]], [[behavior]], [[taxonomy (biology|taxonomy]], [[physiology]], or [[molecular biology]], of amphibians and reptiles. Amphibians or reptiles can be used as [[model organism]]s for specific questions in these fields, such as the role of frogs in the ecology of a [[wetland]]. All of these areas are related through their evolutionary history, an example being the evolution of [[viviparity]] (including behavior and [[reproduction]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blackburn|first=Daniel G.|title=Squamate Reptiles as Model Organisms for the Evolution of Viviparity|date=December 2006|journal=Herpetological Monographs|volume=20|issue=1|pages=131–146|doi=10.1655/0733-1347(2007)20[131:SRAMOF]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86044099 |issn=0733-1347}}</ref>
More generally, herpetologists work on '''functional problems''' in the [[ecology]], [[evolution]], [[physiology]], [[behavior]], [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], [[physiology]], or [[molecular biology]], of amphibians and reptiles. Amphibians or reptiles can be used as [[model organism]]s for specific questions in these fields, such as the role of frogs in the ecology of a [[wetland]]. All of these areas are related through their evolutionary history, an example being the evolution of [[viviparity]] (including behavior and [[reproduction]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blackburn|first=Daniel G.|title=Squamate Reptiles as Model Organisms for the Evolution of Viviparity|date=December 2006|journal=Herpetological Monographs|volume=20|issue=1|pages=131–146|doi=10.1655/0733-1347(2007)20[131:SRAMOF]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86044099 |issn=0733-1347}}</ref>


==Careers==
==Careers==
Career options in the field of herpetology include, but are not limited to: [[Research|lab research]], [[Field research|field studies]] and survey, assistance in veterinary and medical procedures, zoological staff, museum staff, and college teaching.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herpetologist Job Description [Updated for 2023] |url=https://www.indeed.com/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.indeed.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
Career options in the field of herpetology include, but are not limited to, [[Research|lab research]], [[Field research|field studies]] and survey, assistance in veterinary and medical procedures, zoological staff, museum staff, and college teaching.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herpetologist Job Description [Updated for 2023] |url=https://www.indeed.com/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.indeed.com |language=en-US}}</ref>


In modern academic science, it is rare for individuals to consider themselves a herpetologist first and foremost. Most individuals focus on a particular field such as ecology, evolution, taxonomy, physiology, or molecular biology, and within that field ask questions pertaining to or best answered by examining reptiles and amphibians. For example, an [[evolutionary biologist]] who is also a herpetologist may choose to work on an issue such as the evolution of warning coloration in [[coral snake]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rojas|first1=Bibiana|last2=Valkonen|first2=Janne|last3=Nokelainen|first3=Ossi|date=2015-05-04|title=Aposematism|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=25|issue=9|pages=R350–R351|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.015|pmid=25942542|issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free}}</ref>
In modern academic science, it is rare for individuals to consider themselves a herpetologist first and foremost. Most individuals focus on a particular field such as ecology, evolution, taxonomy, physiology, or molecular biology, and within that field ask questions pertaining to or best answered by examining reptiles and amphibians. For example, an [[evolutionary biologist]] who is also a herpetologist may choose to work on an issue such as the evolution of warning coloration in [[coral snake]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rojas|first1=Bibiana|last2=Valkonen|first2=Janne|last3=Nokelainen|first3=Ossi|date=2015-05-04|title=Aposematism|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=25|issue=9|pages=R350–R351|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.015|pmid=25942542|issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free}}</ref>


Modern herpetological writers include [[Mark O'Shea (herpetologist)|Mark O'Shea]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark O'Shea - The Official Website |url=https://www.markoshea.info/home.php |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.markoshea.info}}</ref> and [[Philip A. Purser|Philip Purser]]. Modern herpetological showmen include [[Jeff Corwin]], [[Steve Irwin]], popularly known as the "Crocodile Hunter", and [[Austin Stevens]], popularly known as "Austin Snakeman" in the TV series ''[[Austin Stevens: Snakemaster]]''.
Modern herpetological writers include [[Mark O'Shea (herpetologist)|Mark O'Shea]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark O'Shea - The Official Website |url=https://www.markoshea.info/home.php |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.markoshea.info}}</ref> and [[Philip A. Purser|Philip Purser]]. Modern herpetological showmen include [[Jeff Corwin]], [[Steve Irwin]] (popularly known as the "Crocodile Hunter"), and [[Austin Stevens]], popularly known as "Austin Snakeman" in the TV series ''[[Austin Stevens: Snakemaster]]''.


Herpetology is an established hobby around the world due to the varied biodiversity in many environments. Many amateur herpetologists coin themselves "herpers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=jlp342 |date=2020-04-21 |title=What the Heck is Herping? |url=https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/article/what-heck-herping |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=cwhl.vet.cornell.edu |language=en}}</ref>
Herpetology is an established hobby around the world due to the varied biodiversity in many environments. Many amateur herpetologists coin themselves "herpers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=jlp342 |date=2020-04-21 |title=What the Heck is Herping? |url=https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/article/what-heck-herping |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=cwhl.vet.cornell.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:05, 4 January 2024

For the study of hepatic things (the liver, hepatitis, and so on), see Hepatology.
For the study of herpes, see Herpes simplex research.
"Herp" redirects here. For other uses, see Herp (disambiguation).
Blue poison dart frog

Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν herpetón, meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is a branch of zoology which studies amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and tuataras).[1][2][3] Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the separate scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology.[4]

The definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of ectothermic (cold-blooded) tetrapods. This definition of "herps" (otherwise called "herptiles" or "herpetofauna") excludes fish, but it is not uncommon for herpetological and ichthyological scientific societies to collaborate. Examples include publishing joint journals and holding conferences to foster the exchange of ideas between the fields, as the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists does.[5] Herpetological societies are formed to promote interest in reptiles and amphibians, both captive and wild.

Herpetological studies can offer benefits relevant to humanity-centric fields by researching the role of amphibians and reptiles in global ecology. For example, by monitoring amphibians that are very sensitive to environmental changes, herpetologists record visible warnings that significant changes in climate are taking place.[6][7] Whilst they can be deadly, some toxins and venoms produced by reptiles and amphibians are useful in human medicine. Currently, some snake venom has been used to create anti-coagulants that work to treat strokes and heart attacks.[8]

Naming and etymology

The word herpetology is from Greek: ἑρπετόν, herpetón, "creeping animal" and -λογία, -logia, "knowledge". People with an avid interest in herpetology and who keep different reptiles or amphibians often refer to themselves as "herpers".[9]

"Herp" is a vernacular term for non-avian reptiles and amphibians. It is derived from the old term "herpetile", with roots back to Linnaeus's classification of animals, in which he grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class. There are over 6700 species of amphibians[10] and over 9000 species of reptiles.[11] In spite of its modern taxonomic irrelevance, the term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of non-avian reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians.

Subfields

The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs (batrachology),[12][13] snakes (ophiology or ophidiology), lizards (saurology) and turtles (cheloniology, chelonology, or testudinology).[14][15]

More generally, herpetologists work on functional problems in the ecology, evolution, physiology, behavior, taxonomy, physiology, or molecular biology, of amphibians and reptiles. Amphibians or reptiles can be used as model organisms for specific questions in these fields, such as the role of frogs in the ecology of a wetland. All of these areas are related through their evolutionary history, an example being the evolution of viviparity (including behavior and reproduction).[16]

Careers

Career options in the field of herpetology include, but are not limited to, lab research, field studies and survey, assistance in veterinary and medical procedures, zoological staff, museum staff, and college teaching.[17]

In modern academic science, it is rare for individuals to consider themselves a herpetologist first and foremost. Most individuals focus on a particular field such as ecology, evolution, taxonomy, physiology, or molecular biology, and within that field ask questions pertaining to or best answered by examining reptiles and amphibians. For example, an evolutionary biologist who is also a herpetologist may choose to work on an issue such as the evolution of warning coloration in coral snakes.[18]

Modern herpetological writers include Mark O'Shea[19] and Philip Purser. Modern herpetological showmen include Jeff Corwin, Steve Irwin (popularly known as the "Crocodile Hunter"), and Austin Stevens, popularly known as "Austin Snakeman" in the TV series Austin Stevens: Snakemaster.

Herpetology is an established hobby around the world due to the varied biodiversity in many environments. Many amateur herpetologists coin themselves "herpers".[20]

Study

Most colleges or universities do not offer a major in herpetology at the undergraduate or the graduate level. Instead, persons interested in herpetology select a major in the biological sciences. The knowledge learned about all aspects of the biology of animals is then applied to an individual study of herpetology.[21]

Journals

Herpetology research is published in academic journals including Ichthyology & Herpetology, founded in 1913[22] (under the name Copeia in honour of Edward Drinker Cope); Herpetologica, founded in 1936;[23] Reptiles and amphibians, founded in 1990;[24] and Contemporary Herpetology, founded in 1997 and stopped publishing in 2008.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Herpetology - Latest research and news - Nature". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
  2. ^ "Herpetology - Reptiles, Amphibians, Conservation - Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  3. ^ "Herpetology - Latest research and news - Nature". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  4. ^ "Ornithology - Bird Identification, Behavior & Conservation - Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  5. ^ "Recent Meetings". American Society of Ichthyologists and Herptetologists. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  6. ^ "Why are amphibian populations declining? - U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  7. ^ "Amphibians as indicators of environmental health". Amphibian Ark. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
  8. ^ "How venoms are shaping medical advances - BBC Earth". www.bbcearth.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  9. ^ "herpers — Community Profile". Community.livejournal.com. 2001-06-09. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  10. ^ "AmphibiaWeb". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  11. ^ "Species Statistics February 2012". Reptile-database.org. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  12. ^ D.C. Wareham (2005). Elsevier's Dictionary of Herpetological and Related Terminology. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-046017-8.
  13. ^ Francesco M. Angelici (2015). Problematic Wildlife: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. Springer. pp. 584–585. ISBN 978-3-319-22246-2.
  14. ^ Rhodin, Anders G. J. (2 August 2017). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)". Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy – via Academia.edu.
  15. ^ Inger, Robert F. (1992). "A Bimodal Feeding System in a Stream-Dwelling Larva of Rhacophorus from Borneo". Copeia. 1992 (3): 887–890. doi:10.2307/1446167. ISSN 0045-8511.
  16. ^ Blackburn, Daniel G. (December 2006). "Squamate Reptiles as Model Organisms for the Evolution of Viviparity". Herpetological Monographs. 20 (1): 131–146. doi:10.1655/0733-1347(2007)20[131:SRAMOF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0733-1347. S2CID 86044099.
  17. ^ "Herpetologist Job Description [Updated for 2023]". www.indeed.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  18. ^ Rojas, Bibiana; Valkonen, Janne; Nokelainen, Ossi (2015-05-04). "Aposematism". Current Biology. 25 (9): R350–R351. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.015. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 25942542.
  19. ^ "Mark O'Shea - The Official Website". www.markoshea.info. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  20. ^ jlp342 (2020-04-21). "What the Heck is Herping?". cwhl.vet.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "How to Become a Herpetologist - EnvironmentalScience.org". www.environmentalscience.org. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  22. ^ "Ichthyology & Herpetology". Ichthyology & Herpetology. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  23. ^ "Herpetologica on JSTOR". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  24. ^ "About the Journal - Reptiles & Amphibians". journals.ku.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  25. ^ "Contemporary Herpetology". journals.ku.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-06.

Further reading

External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Snakes of Europe
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