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Western Europeans also ate organs and body parts of humans as medicine during the 16th-18th centuries.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bethge |first=Philip |date=01/30/2009 |title=Europe's 'Medicinal Cannibalism' The Healing Power of Death |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/europe-s-medicinal-cannibalism-the-healing-power-of-death-a-604548.html |magazine=Spiegel Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Everts |first=Sarah |date=APRIL 24, 2013 |title=Europe’s Hypocritical History of Cannibalism |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/europes-hypocritical-history-of-cannibalism-42642371/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=WRENN  |first=EDDIE |date=9 May 2012  |title=Europeans indulged in cannibalism until the 1900s, two new books claim |work=Daily Mail |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2141858/Tough-news-swallow-Europeans-saw-wrong-cannibalism-1900s-new-books-claim.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gander |first=Kashmira  |date=  24 January 2017 |title=HUMANKIND'S WEIRD RELATIONSHIP WITH CANNIBALISM: FROM EATING PLACENTAS TO BODY PARTS IN MEDICINE |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/humankind-cannabalism-eating-placentas-body-parts-medicine-ingredients-dr-bill-schutt-edited-a7541896.html}}</ref>
Western Europeans also ate organs and body parts of humans as medicine during the 16th-18th centuries.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bethge |first=Philip |date=01/30/2009 |title=Europe's 'Medicinal Cannibalism' The Healing Power of Death |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/europe-s-medicinal-cannibalism-the-healing-power-of-death-a-604548.html |magazine=Spiegel Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Everts |first=Sarah |date=APRIL 24, 2013 |title=Europe’s Hypocritical History of Cannibalism |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/europes-hypocritical-history-of-cannibalism-42642371/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=WRENN  |first=EDDIE |date=9 May 2012  |title=Europeans indulged in cannibalism until the 1900s, two new books claim |work=Daily Mail |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2141858/Tough-news-swallow-Europeans-saw-wrong-cannibalism-1900s-new-books-claim.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gander |first=Kashmira  |date=  24 January 2017 |title=HUMANKIND'S WEIRD RELATIONSHIP WITH CANNIBALISM: FROM EATING PLACENTAS TO BODY PARTS IN MEDICINE |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/humankind-cannabalism-eating-placentas-body-parts-medicine-ingredients-dr-bill-schutt-edited-a7541896.html}}</ref>

Syrian rebel Abu Sakkar during the [[Syrian civil war]] ate either an organ of a Syrian government soldier as he declared to a video camera recording him that "We will eat your hearts and your livers you soldiers of Bashar the dog." and said it was either a lung or liver.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Paul |date=July 5, 2013 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23190533%7Ctitle=Face-to-face with Abu Sakkar, Syria's 'heart-eating cannibal'}}</ref>


== Poisoning ==
== Poisoning ==

Revision as of 08:23, 8 May 2023

Slice of pig's liver and onions
Liver
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy561 kJ (134 kcal)
2.5 g
3.7 g
21 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
722%
6500 μg
Riboflavin (B2)
231%
3 mg
Niacin (B3)
94%
15 mg
Vitamin B6
41%
0.7 mg
Folate (B9)
53%
212 μg
Vitamin B12
1083%
26 μg
Vitamin C
26%
23 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Iron
128%
23 mg
Sodium
4%
87 mg
This nutritional data is from 1992 and refers to raw pork liver only. Liver nutrients vary among species.
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2]
Mămăligă (cornmeal mush) with chicken liver, cuisine of Moldova
Canned cod liver (see also: cod liver oil)

The liver of mammals, fowl, and fish is commonly eaten as food by humans (see offal). Pork, lamb, veal, beef, chicken, goose, and cod livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets while stingray and burbot livers are common in some European countries.

Animal livers are rich in iron, copper, the B vitamins and preformed vitamin A. Daily consumption of liver can be harmful; for instance, vitamin A toxicity has been proven to cause medical issues to babies born of pregnant mothers who consumed too much vitamin A.[3] A single serving of beef liver exceeds the tolerable upper intake level of vitamin A.[4] 100 g cod liver contains 5 mg of vitamin A and 100 µg of vitamin D.[5] Liver contains large amounts of vitamin B12, and this was one of the factors that led to the discovery of the vitamin.[6]

Etymology

From Middle English liver, from Old English lifer, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- "to smear, smudge, stick", from Proto-Indo-European *ley- "to be slimy, be sticky, glide". Cognate with Saterland Frisian Lieuwer "liver", West Frisian lever "liver", Dutch lever "liver", German Leber "liver", Danish , Norwegian and Swedish language lever "liver" the last three from Old Norse lifr "liver".

In the Romance languages, the anatomical word for "liver" (French foie, Italian fegato, Spanish hígado, etc.) derives not from the Latin anatomical term, jecur, but from the culinary term ficatum, literally "stuffed with figs," referring to the livers of geese that had been fattened on figs (foie gras).[7]

Preparation

Liver can be baked, boiled, broiled, fried, stir-fried, or eaten raw (asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine, liver sashimi). In many preparations, pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys, like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill (e.g. meurav Yerushalmi). Spreads or pâtés made from liver have various names, including liver pâté, pâté de foie gras, chopped liver, liverwurst, liver spread, and Braunschweiger. Other liver sausages include mazzafegato or salsiccia matta. A traditional South African delicacy, namely skilpadjies, is made of minced lamb's liver wrapped in netvet (caul fat), and grilled over an open fire.

There has been a growing popularity of consuming liver as jerky or as supplements in capsules due to its nutritious density.[citation needed]

Fish liver

Some fish livers are valued as food, especially the stingray liver. It is used to prepare delicacies, such as poached skate liver on toast in England,[8] as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine.[9] Cod liver (usually tinned in its oil and served seasoned) is a popular spread for bread or toast in several European countries. In Russia, it is served with potatoes. Cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement. Liver of burbot is eaten in Finland: it is common for fish vendors and supermarket fish aisles to sell these fish with liver and roe sacks still attached. These parts are often eaten boiled or added to burbot soup. Burbot and its liver are a traditional winter food.[10]

Human livers

Eating human livers of enemies was a part of many culture across the world and it was believed where the courage and soul of a person resided. The pagan Arab Hind bint Utbah ate the liver of Hamza.[11]

French Catholics ate livers of Huguenots at the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre while French Protestant Huguenots cooked and ate the relics (bodily remains) of Catholic saints.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Jean de Léry mentioned in his "History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil" that Italians also ate the livers of each other during mob violence at the same time as the French.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]

Japanese ate livers of Americans in the Chichijima incident.

97% of the Japanese soldiers occupying Jolo were slaughtered by Moro Muslim Tausug guerillas according to Japanese soldier Fujioka Akiyoshi, who was one of the few who remained alive by the end of the war.[45][46] Fujioka described the Moros as brutal and recalled how the Moros sliced the livers and gold teeth off Japanaese soldiers who in one month slaughtered 1,000 Japanese after they came to the island.[47][48] Fujioka and his fellow Japanese soldiers were overjoyed when they finally reached an American base to surrender to since they knew their only other fate was being butchered by Moro Muslims or starvation.[49][50] Injured Japanese were slaughtered by Moros with their kris daggers as the Moros constantly attacked and charged and butchered Japanese soldiers.[51][52] Fujioka Akiyoshi (藤岡 明義) wrote a published diary of his war experiences on Jolo called (Haisen no ki ~ gyokusai chi Horo tō no kiroku )(敗戦の記～玉砕地ホロ島の記録 or 敗残の記: 玉砕地ホロ島の記錄) and a private account "Uijin no ki" (初陣の記).[53][50] His diary mentioned the majority of Japanese on Jolo were slaughtered, succumbing to malaria and to Moro attacks. Japanese corpses littered the ground, decaying, infested with maggots and smelling horrendous. Fukao and other Japanese survivors surrendered to the Americans to avoid being slaughtered by the Moro Muslims and after they were in American custody a group of Moros grasping their daggers saw them and wanted to slaughter them. One Moro mentioned how his 12 year old son was eaten by Japanese soldiers at a mountain and he was slaughtering all Japanese soldiers from that area and Fujioka saw he was wearing the wristwatch of Japanese Sergeant Fukao.[54][55][56][57][58]

During slaughter of Madurese settlers in the Indonesian ruled part of Borneo island, Dayaks and Malay Indonesians consumed livers of Madurese.[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]

A mob of Dutch Orangists ate the organs of their Prime Minister Johan de Witt including his liver.[71][72]

Western Europeans also ate organs and body parts of humans as medicine during the 16th-18th centuries.[73][74][75][76]

Syrian rebel Abu Sakkar during the Syrian civil war ate either an organ of a Syrian government soldier as he declared to a video camera recording him that "We will eat your hearts and your livers you soldiers of Bashar the dog." and said it was either a lung or liver.[77]

Poisoning

Main article: hypervitaminosis A

The livers of polar bears, walruses, bearded seals, moose, and huskies can contain very high levels of preformed vitamin A,[78] and their consumption has led to vitamin A poisoning (hypervitaminosis A) according to several anecdotal reports. The Inuit will not eat the liver of polar bears or bearded seals. It has been estimated that consumption of 500 grams of polar bear liver would result in a toxic dose for a human.[78] Russian sailor Alexander Konrad, who accompanied explorer Valerian Albanov in a tragic ordeal over the Arctic ice in 1912, wrote about the awful effects of consuming polar bear liver.[79] Also, in 1913, Antarctic explorers on the Far Eastern Party Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were believed to have been poisoned, the latter fatally, from eating husky liver, though this has been contested recently.[80]

Mercury content in some species can also be an issue. In 2012, the Government of Nunavut warned pregnant women to lower their intake of ringed seal liver due to elevated levels of mercury.[81]

The neurotoxin in the liver of the pufferfish (which is consumed in Japanese cuisine as fugu, tightly regulated by Japanese law) contains the highest concentration of the tetrodotoxin, which characterizes the species. Consequently, the liver has been illegal to serve since 1984.

Traditions

Pig liver is a traditional food of immigrant Okinawans in Hawaii. It used to be eaten on New Year's Eve.[82]

References

  1. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  2. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
  3. ^ Rothman, Kenneth (November 23, 1995). "Teratogenicity of High Vitamin A Intake". The New England Journal of Medicine. 21 (333): 1369–1373. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511233332101. PMID 7477116.
  4. ^ "Vitamin A". oregonstate.edu. Linus Pauling Institute. 22 April 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  5. ^ Nährstoffe und Vitamine in Dorschleber Deutsches Ernährungsberatungs- und -informationsnetz (in German)
  6. ^ Scott, John M.; Molloy, Anne M. (2012). "The discovery of vitamin B(12)". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 61 (3): 239–245. doi:10.1159/000343114. ISSN 1421-9697. PMID 23183296. S2CID 28688784.
  7. ^ "Foie". Larousse.fr. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  8. ^ Dods, Margaret (1837). The Cook and Housewife's Manual ... The fifth edition, revised and enlarged, etc (Sixth ed.). Oliver & Boyd, Eninburgh. p. 269. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
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  11. ^ Orlandi, Riccardo; Cianci, Nicole; Invernizzi, Pietro; Cesana, Giancarlo (August 2018). ""I Miss My Liver." Nonmedical Sources in the History of Hepatocentrism". Hepatology Communications. 2 (8): 982–989. doi:10.1002/hep4.1224.
  12. ^ Roberts, Penny (2015). "22 Riot and Religion in Sixteenth-Century France". In Davis, Michael T. (ed.). Crowd Actions in Britain and France from the Middle Ages to the Modern World (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 1137316519.
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  15. ^ Treasure, Geoffrey (2013). The Huguenots. Yale University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0300196199.
  16. ^ Coudert, Allison P. (2012). "22 The Ultimate Crime: Cannibalism in Early Modern Minds and Imaginations". In Classen, Albrecht; Scarborough, Connie (eds.). Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Mental-Historical Investigations of Basic Human Problems and Social Responses. Vol. 11 of Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture (illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 251. ISBN 3110294583.
  17. ^ Honan, Park (2007). Christopher Marlowe: Poet & Spy. OUP Oxford. p. 273. ISBN 0191622796.
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  19. ^ Williams, Gerhild Scholz (1995). Defining Dominion: The Discourses of Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern France and Germany. Studies in medieval and early modern civilization (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Michigan Press. p. 184. ISBN 0472086197.
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  27. ^ Test, Edward McLean (2019). Sacred Seeds: New World Plants in Early Modern English Literature. Early Modern Cultural Studies (illustrated ed.). U of Nebraska Press. p. 150. ISBN 1496207882.
  28. ^ Sadlier, Darlene J. (2010). Brazil Imagined: 1500 to the Present. The William and Bettye Nowlin Series in Art, History, and Culture of the Western Hemisphere. University of Texas Press. p. 42. ISBN 0292774737.
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  32. ^ Francis, J. Michael; Leonard, Thomas M., eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Latin America Amerindians through The Age of Globalization. Facts On File, Inc. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4381-2964-8.
  33. ^ Evans, J. Martin (2018). Milton's Imperial Epic: Paradise Lost and the Discourse of Colonialism. Cornell University Press. p. 127. ISBN 1501724010.
  34. ^ Jacoby, Russell (2011). Bloodlust: On the Roots of Violence from Cain and Abel to the Present. Simon and Schuster. p. 15. ISBN 143911756X.
  35. ^ Inayatullah, Naeem; Blaney, David L. (2004). International Relations and the Problem of Difference. Routledge. ISBN 1135940746.
  36. ^ https://www.academia.edu/39023238/International_Relations_and_the_Problem_of_Difference
  37. ^ Juster, Susan (2016). Sacred Violence in Early America. Early American Studies (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 40. ISBN 0812248139.
  38. ^ Rawson, Claude Julien (2002). God, Gulliver, and Genocide: Barbarism and the European Imagination, 1492-1945 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0199257507.
  39. ^ Scanlan, Thomas (1999). Colonial Writing and the New World, 1583-1671: Allegories of Desire (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0521643058.
  40. ^ Ruppel, Wendy (1992). Images of Discovery: Otherness and the New World in the 16th Century. University of California, Berkeley. p. 156. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  41. ^ Duker, Adam Asher (21 Mar 2014). "The Protestant Israelites of Sancerre: Jean de Léry and the Confessional Demarcation of Cannibalism". Journal of Early Modern History. 18 (3). Brill: 255–286. doi:10.1163/15700658-12342414. ISSN 1570-0658.
  42. ^ Lee, Tonhi (2022). Migration and Mimesis in the English Renaissance, 1492-1668 (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy (English Language and Literature)). University of Michigan. p. 98. {{cite thesis}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  43. ^ LESIUK-CUMMINGS, ANNA (June 2014). SELF-IDENTITY AND ALTERITY IN RENAISSANCE HUMANISM BETWEEN ELITE AND POPULAR DISCOURSES (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy). Graduate School of the University of Oregon.
  44. ^ https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/1794/18340/3/LesiukCummings_oregon_0171A_10945.pdf.txt
  45. ^ Omar, Ibrahim S. (2018). Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery). Partridge Publishing Singapore. ISBN 978-1543743272.
  46. ^ Espaldon, Ernesto M. (1997). With the Bravest: The Untold Story of the Sulu Freedom Fighters of World War II. Espaldon-Virata Foundation. p. 181. ISBN 9719183314. More than 97 percent were lost on Jolo island, a death rate believed to be hardly equalled anywhere during the entire course of the war. The data were not unexpected, nor were they a surprise. Looking back into the history of the ...
  47. ^ Matthiessen, Sven (2015). Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?. Brill's Japanese Studies Library. BRILL. p. 172. ISBN 978-9004305724.
  48. ^ Matthiessen, Sven (2016). "Chapter 4: The Occupation of the Philippines". Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II. Brill. pp. 78–183. doi:10.1163/9789004305724_005. ISBN 9789004305724 – via brill.com.
  49. ^ Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2015). Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People. Weatherhead Books on Asia. Translated by Ethan Mark. Columbia University Press. pp. 196, 197, 198. ISBN 978-0231165686.
  50. ^ a b "Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People; Translated and Annoted by Ethan Mark [PDF] [2kqjt81hmvs0]".
  51. ^ Jungleer, Volume 48. 41st Infantry Division Association. 1992. p. 2. Bahu past the death-silence of South Mt Daho where the Marine garrison had died. As was his Japanese soldier's right, Gen Suzuki chose to command. It was his final posi-tion of honor. 2. Middle Column was 150 men of 363 Inf Bn. Their march might be safer on the south side of the Jolo "mounts" like Mabusing and Datu. 3 Trekking north of that line of Jolo "mounts," the left Column comprised 150 men of 365 Inf Bn and 55 FA Bn. Skirting the north slopes of the Jolo "mounts," they might be most remote from Moro attacks. (Among FA men was Pvt Akiyoshi Fujioka who still remembers the wild fighting. Being against the war, Fujioka had refused his opportunity to become and officers.) Jap arms were superior to Moro carbines and Krises despite their mortar Pln. Japs had about 10 LMGs, a few HMGs, and 100 rifles and bayonets. Every man carried a grenade or two–for suicide. Some Moros had butchered dying men. And on 29 July, 3 die-hard colummns moved out for Mt Bahu– probably with first light. Behind them was the sharp crack of grenades where sick and wounded killed themselves. Air-line distances from Tumatangas to Bahu was just 8 miles, but the move lasted too many days. Left Column just 5 days, but Middle and Right columns took 5 days longer. Most of the 500 were killed. The march lasted too long because it could not be a direct march against the Moro multitudes before them. Per-haps the Japs had to retreat at times–or tried round Moro flanks–or marched at night to hide and rest in the day-time. In the Left Column, Fujioka still has hard memories of the march. Moros often tracked them closely and killed men. Jap Mgs helped pile up dead the fanatical rushes, but half those Mgs were lost to Moro charges. Sometimes the Japs used kirikome - an almost suicidal attack with rifle butts and bayonets. After one of these, a man wondered why he lived. Fujioka has poignant memories of fear and hunger and furious battle. One night, the starving Left Column found a field of camotes ( sweet potatoes ). When they were tiredly digging them — bare hands or bayonets - Moros surrounded them and struck down many men before they were beaten off. Next day, the Japs hoped to rest in a narrow valley. Again Moros surrounded them and attacked. Again, there was kirikome - hand to hand fighting, wounds, suffering, and death. Onward fought this Left Column. Skirting northern slopes of Mts Magusing, Agao, Pula, and Datu, they covered mostly in second growth woods. Yet by the time they reached Magusing, they had 70 casualties of their 150 men. After 5 days, 2 Apr. They were first to reach Mt Bahu. On the south side of the " mounts " where Left Column marched, the 150 - strong Middle Column of 563 Bn had a harder fight. Three days after starting, they were still just past Mt Tumatangas. Near Mt Kagangan, guerillas mortared them. They broke through the guerillas ' lines, but lost 50 of their 150. Two days later, they reunited with Suzuki's Right Column remnants. But Gen Suzuki was killed in action the day before the 2 columns were merged. His Middle Column had passed through Indanan Village and along the south slopes of Mt Daho. On the whole route, they endured attacks. Suzuki was killed on 1 August. Only 50 of the 150 still lived. On 2 Aug, Middle and Right Columns became one. On 7 Aug. 10 days after leaving Hill 785, the Jap " army " reunited on Mt Bahu — about 180 of 500 men who started. On Bahu, death closed down on those 180 diseased, starved, and ever - thirsty men. They lacked strength even to dig perimeter. They lacked a spring for water - just a few drops from a trickle through the grass between rocks. They must catch the slow drops in canteens by day, for they had no lights to get water at night. Moros lurked for them and struck them down. Suddenly a US plane fluttered leaflets among them. "War is over," they said. "If any soldiers live, please come under arms to Matanden, a small hill 2 kilometers NE of Bahu." New CO Maj Temmyo said, "Those are lies. If you believe in them, we'll killed you now!" But Fujioka believe in them, for they said "Come un-der arms." Without surrender, he knew that they would all die within 10 days—from starvation or Moro krises. So Pvt Fujioka signed to 5 men who slipped away with him. In 30 minutes, the 6 gathered, sad at leaving, but hop-ing to live. A Sgt who knew English opened a map, and reasoned that the rendezvous was not Matanden but Mt Tanbang. And at Tanbang, these 6 Japanese received their lives and Japan back again — from the black soldiers and white officers of 368 Inf, 92 Div. Back on Mt Bahu, Maj Temmyo's Japs also received back their lives. ... Maj Temmyo never gave official credit to Fujioka's men for saving his life. But Fujioka is alive and well in Tokyo. CREDIT: RR Smith's Return to the Philippines tells how 55 IMB was formed. Artilleryman Fujioka tells about voyage from Luzon, his gun on Jolo, the death - march, and surrender. Dates of his letters are 22 Oct 1986; 9 Jan, 1 Feb, 9 Mar, 30 June 1987; and 20 Jan, 26 Apr 1989. ( Fujioka partly quotes from his hardback book, The Memoir of a Survivor on Jolo written in Japanese script that I cannot read. ) Maj Tokichi Tenmyo's post - war interview with a US ofsicer provides statistics and dates of 3 columns ' fight to reach Mt Bahu, and the final surrender. ( Later name of Bahu is Mt Sinumaan which Fujioka finds in modern Filipino high school texts. ) Our Last ANZAC Day ANZAC is an acronym for the 22.
  52. ^ Poyer, Lin (2022). War at the Margins: Indigenous Experiences in World War II. Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. University of Hawaii Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0824891800. Fujioka Akiyoshi's field artillery company succumbed to a Moro surprise attack soon after landing on Jolo in the Philippines in October 1944: "Fujioka wrote that dead soldiers had their weapons, clothing, gold teeth, and raw livers ...
  53. ^ Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2015). Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese Peopl. Weatherhead Books on Asia. Translated by Ethan Mark (reprint ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0231538596. Haisen no ki is a record written after the war in an American POW camp; from Fujioka's second call-up to his arrival at Jolo Island and from his surrender ...
  54. ^ 藤岡, 明義 (1991). 敗残の記: 玉砕地ホロ島の記錄. 中央公論社. pp. 258, 11, 155, 205, 155. ISBN 4122017904. Page 258 玉砕地ホロ島の記錄 藤岡明義. 選書)。藤岡氏はいわゆる対米協力者ではないが、あえていうなら「を多少加味した Q の」のタイプというところであろうか。ホロ島の場合は圧倒的な火器を有し、制空、制海権を握った米軍の攻撃で三分の一を失い、囲まれつつ ... Results 1-3 of 4 Page 11 この一篇を、ホ島のツマンタンガス並びにシロマンの山々に、今もなお知る人もなく散在し、ジャングルの腐土に埋まっている、六千名の白骨に捧ぐ。昭和五十三年十二月(注原文では、地名、人名等が略字になっている個処があるが、本書では、できる限り正名 ... Page 155 この野郎、処置なしだ、人のところへ来て死にやがって。心臓が弱いと、俺のところが死場所になってしまう」こんな会話を聞いても誰一人振り向きもしなかった。我々の周囲には、死体が点々と転がり、腫れ上り、蛆がわき、悪臭に嘔吐を催した。 Page 205 変転極まりなき人の世とは言え、この死の一つに加わるものと思い込んでいた自分が、転進の際残留した者が、そのままの場所で死んでいるものであった。小あばは膨れ上り、ある者は全身蛆に被われ、ある者は半ば白骨となり、甚だしきは土の中かうじ. Page 155 "「ああ、もう死にやがったな。この野郎、処置なしだ、人のところへ来て死にやがって。心臓が弱いと、俺のところが死場所になってしまう」こんな会話を聞いても誰一人振り向きもしなかった。我々の周囲には、死体が点々と転がり、腫れ上り、蛆がわき、悪臭に嘔吐を催した。" この一篇を、ホ島のツマンタンガス並びにシロマンの山々に、今もなお知る人もなく散在し、ジャングルの腐土に埋まっている、六千名の白骨に捧ぐ。昭和五十三年十二月(注原文では、地名、人名等が略字になっている個処があるが、本書では、できる限り正名 ... 変転極まりなき人の世とは言え、この死の一つに加わるものと思い込んでいた自分が、転進の際残留した者が、そのままの場所で死んでいるものであった。小あばは膨れ上り、ある者は全身蛆に被われ、ある者は半ば白骨となり、甚だしきは土の中かうじ.
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