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The '''Sparidae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[fish]] in the order [[Perciformes]], commonly called '''sea breams''' and '''porgies'''. The [[Sheepshead (Archosargus)|sheepshead]], [[scup]], and [[red seabream]] are species in this family. Most sparids are deep-bodied compressed fish with a small mouth separated by a broad space from the eye, a single dorsal fin with strong spines and soft rays, a short anal fin, long pointed pectoral fins and rather large firmly attached scales.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bray|first1=D.J.|last2=Gomon |first2=M.F.|date=2012|title=Breams, SPARIDAE|website=Fishes of Australia|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/family/129|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218194841/http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/family/129|archive-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters and are bottom-dwelling carnivores.
The '''Sparidae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[fish]] in the order [[Perciformes]], commonly called '''sea breams''' and '''porgies'''. The [[Sheepshead (Archosargus)|sheepshead]], [[scup]], and [[red seabream]] are species in this family. Most sparids are deep-bodied compressed fish with a small mouth separated by a broad space from the eye, a single dorsal fin with strong spines and soft rays, a short anal fin, long pointed pectoral fins and rather large firmly attached scales.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bray|first1=D.J.|last2=Gomon |first2=M.F.|date=2012|title=Breams, SPARIDAE|website=Fishes of Australia|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/family/129|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218194841/http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/family/129|archive-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters and are bottom-dwelling carnivores.


There are hermaphrodites in the Sparidae. [[Protogyny]] and [[protandry]] appear sporadically through this lineage of fish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=de Mitcheson|first=Yvonne Sadovy|last2=Liu|first2=Min|date=Fall 2008|title=Functional hermaphroditism in teleosts|journal=Fish and Fisheries|volume=9|pages=1–43|doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00266.x}}</ref> [[Simultaneous hermaphrodite]]s and bi-directional hermaphrodites do not appear as much since Sparidae are found in shallower waters.<ref name=":0" /> Species of fish that express a hermaphroditic condition usually "lack a genetic hardwire", therefore ecological factors play a role in sex determination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mank |first=Judith E. |author-link=Judith Mank |last2=Promislow |first2=Daniel E. L. |last3=Avise |first3=John C. |date=Winter 2005 |title=Evolution of alternative sex-determining mechanisms in teleost fish |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=87 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00558.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Hermaphrodites occur in the Sparidae. [[Protogyny]] and [[protandry]] appear sporadically through this lineage of fish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=de Mitcheson|first=Yvonne Sadovy|last2=Liu|first2=Min|date=Fall 2008|title=Functional hermaphroditism in teleosts|journal=Fish and Fisheries|volume=9|pages=1–43|doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00266.x}}</ref> [[Simultaneous hermaphrodite]]s and bidirectional hermaphrodites do not appear as much, since Sparidae are found in shallow waters.<ref name=":0" /> Species of fish that express a hermaphroditic condition usually "lack a genetic hardwire", so ecological factors play a role in sex determination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mank |first=Judith E. |author-link=Judith Mank |last2=Promislow |first2=Daniel E. L. |last3=Avise |first3=John C. |date=Winter 2005 |title=Evolution of alternative sex-determining mechanisms in teleost fish |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=87 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00558.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>


Most species possess grinding, [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]-like teeth.<ref name="EoF">{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J. R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W. N. |author1=Johnson, G. D. |author2=Gill, A. C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title=Encyclopedia of Fishes |publisher= Academic Press |location=San Diego |page= 184|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}} Eating the head is known to cause hallucinations, lasting many days.</ref> Some of the species, such as ''[[Polysteganus undulosus]]'', have been subject to [[overfishing]], or exploitation beyond sustainable recovery.<ref>Hogan, C. M. (2010): [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Overfishing ''Overfishing''. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment].</ref>
Most species possess grinding, [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]-like teeth.<ref name="EoF">{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J. R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W. N. |author1=Johnson, G. D. |author2=Gill, A. C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title=Encyclopedia of Fishes |publisher= Academic Press |location=San Diego |page= 184|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}} Eating the head is known to cause hallucinations, lasting many days.</ref> Some of the species, such as ''[[Polysteganus undulosus]]'', have been subject to [[overfishing]], or exploitation beyond sustainable recovery.<ref>Hogan, C. M. (2010): [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Overfishing ''Overfishing''. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment].</ref>

Revision as of 18:23, 26 March 2023

Sparidae
Diplodus cervinus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Spariformes
Family: Sparidae
Rafinesque, 1810

The Sparidae are a family of fish in the order Perciformes, commonly called sea breams and porgies. The sheepshead, scup, and red seabream are species in this family. Most sparids are deep-bodied compressed fish with a small mouth separated by a broad space from the eye, a single dorsal fin with strong spines and soft rays, a short anal fin, long pointed pectoral fins and rather large firmly attached scales.[1] They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters and are bottom-dwelling carnivores.

Hermaphrodites occur in the Sparidae. Protogyny and protandry appear sporadically through this lineage of fish.[2] Simultaneous hermaphrodites and bidirectional hermaphrodites do not appear as much, since Sparidae are found in shallow waters.[2] Species of fish that express a hermaphroditic condition usually "lack a genetic hardwire", so ecological factors play a role in sex determination.[3]

Most species possess grinding, molar-like teeth.[4] Some of the species, such as Polysteganus undulosus, have been subject to overfishing, or exploitation beyond sustainable recovery.[5]

Genera

Pagrus major, or madai, is an important food fish in Japan
Dentex fourmanoiri
Pagrus auratus

The family Sparidae contains about 155 species in 38 genera:

Timeline of genera

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneCrenidensBoopsLithognathusCalamusDiplodusObladaPagellusDentexPagrusSargusSparusQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocene

Cookery

The most celebrated of the breams in cookery are the gilt-head bream and the common dentex.[7]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sparidae.
Look up porgy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^ Bray, D.J.; Gomon, M.F. (2012). "Breams, SPARIDAE". Fishes of Australia. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013.
  2. ^ a b de Mitcheson, Yvonne Sadovy; Liu, Min (Fall 2008). "Functional hermaphroditism in teleosts". Fish and Fisheries. 9: 1–43. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00266.x.
  3. ^ Mank, Judith E.; Promislow, Daniel E. L.; Avise, John C. (Winter 2005). "Evolution of alternative sex-determining mechanisms in teleost fish". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 87: 83–93. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00558.x.
  4. ^ Johnson, G. D. & Gill, A. C. (1998). Paxton, J. R. & Eschmeyer, W. N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-12-547665-5. Eating the head is known to cause hallucinations, lasting many days.
  5. ^ Hogan, C. M. (2010): Overfishing. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.
  6. ^ Tanaka, F.; Iwatsuki, Y. (2015). "Amamiichthys, a new genus for the sparid fish Cheimerius matsubarai Akazaki 1962, and redescription of the species, with designation of a neotype". Zootaxa. 4007 (2): 195–206. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4007.2.3.
  7. ^ Davidson, A. Mediterranean Seafood, Penguin, 1972. ISBN 0-14-046174-4, pp. 86–108.
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