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3 Sources that compromise Ancestry, History and Demographics together in a comparison of the nation and even with other Latin American nations made by (PLOS Genetics). What is the reason for removing it, user Taichi? In fact before this information was here but it was deleted months ago, it is being recovered.
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Colombia is a [[multiethnic society]], home to people of various ethnic, religious and national origins. As a result, majority of Colombians do not equate their [[nationality]] with their [[ethnicity]] but with allegiance to Colombia, while embracing and espousing the aforementioned simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Semana|date=2017-08-12|title=El gran legado de los inmigrantes en Colombia|url=https://www.semana.com/cultura/articulo/el-gran-legado-de-los-inmigrantes-en-colombia/536182/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo|language=spanish}}</ref>
Colombia is a [[multiethnic society]], home to people of various ethnic, religious and national origins. As a result, majority of Colombians do not equate their [[nationality]] with their [[ethnicity]] but with allegiance to Colombia, while embracing and espousing the aforementioned simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Semana|date=2017-08-12|title=El gran legado de los inmigrantes en Colombia|url=https://www.semana.com/cultura/articulo/el-gran-legado-de-los-inmigrantes-en-colombia/536182/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo|language=spanish}}</ref>


The majority of the Colombian population is made up of the [[Old World]] (Europe, Africa and Middle East) with a less marked [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] contribution on average than in other [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Linares |first1=Andrés |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Acuña-Alonzo |first3=Victor |last4=Quinto-Sanchez |first4=Mirsha |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Claudia |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Fuentes |first7=Macarena |last8=Pizarro |first8=María |last9=Everardo |first9=Paola |last10=Avila |first10=Francisco de |last11=Gómez-Valdés |first11=Jorge |date=2014-09-25 |title=Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e1004572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=4177621 |pmid=25254375}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mooney |first1=Jazlyn A. |last2=Huber |first2=Christian D. |last3=Service |first3=Susan |last4=Sul |first4=Jae Hoon |last5=Marsden |first5=Clare D. |last6=Zhang |first6=Zhongyang |last7=Sabatti |first7=Chiara |author7-link=Chiara Sabatti |last8=Ruiz-Linares |first8=Andrés |last9=Bedoya |first9=Gabriel |last10=Freimer |first10=Nelson |last11=Lohmueller |first11=Kirk E. |date=2018-11-01 |title=Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=707–726 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=6218714 |pmid=30401458}}</ref> Following the initial period of [[Spanish conquest]] and immigration, different waves of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly six centuries and continue today. Elements of Native American and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Colombia and thus a modern Colombian identity. <ref name=":0" />
The majority of the Colombian population is made up of Mestizo people. Native Americans mixed with Iberians and to a lesser extent other Europeans. Following the initial period of [[Spanish conquest]] and immigration, different waves of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly six centuries and continue today. Elements of Native American and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Colombia and thus a modern Colombian identity. <ref name=":0" />


==Ethnic groups==
==Ethnic groups==
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Estimates of the [[Mestizo]] population in Colombia vary widely, as Colombia's national census does not distinguish between White and Mestizo Colombians. According to the 2018 census, the Mestizo and White population combined make up approximately 87% of the Colombian population, but there is no official estimate of the mestizo population exclusively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018|website=geoportal.dane.gov.co|access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref>
Estimates of the [[Mestizo]] population in Colombia vary widely, as Colombia's national census does not distinguish between White and Mestizo Colombians. According to the 2018 census, the Mestizo and White population combined make up approximately 87% of the Colombian population, but there is no official estimate of the mestizo population exclusively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018|website=geoportal.dane.gov.co|access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref>
S
S
Nevertheless, according to the genetic research of the American genetic portal Public Library of Science (PLOS) in 2015 determined that the average Colombian (of all races) has a mixture of European 62.5%, Native American 27.4%, sub-Saharan African 9.2% and Oriental 0.9%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Homburger|first1=Julian R.|last2=Moreno-Estrada|first2=Andrés|last3=Gignoux|first3=Christopher R.|last4=Nelson|first4=Dominic|last5=Sanchez|first5=Elena|last6=Ortiz-Tello|first6=Patricia|last7=Pons-Estel|first7=Bernardo A.|last8=Acevedo-Vasquez|first8=Eduardo|last9=Miranda|first9=Pedro|last10=Langefeld|first10=Carl D.|last11=Gravel|first11=Simon|date=2015-12-04|title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=11|issue=12|pages=e1005602|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602|issn=1553-7390|pmc=4670080|pmid=26636962}}</ref> (These proportions also vary widely among ethnicities), overall being the second country surveyed with more European blood proportion, only behind [[Argentina]].
Nevertheless, according to the genetic research of the American genetic portal Public Library of Science (PLOS) in 2015 determined that the average Colombian (of all races) has a mixture of European 62.5%, Native American 27.4%, sub-Saharan African 9.2% and Oriental 0.9%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Homburger|first1=Julian R.|last2=Moreno-Estrada|first2=Andrés|last3=Gignoux|first3=Christopher R.|last4=Nelson|first4=Dominic|last5=Sanchez|first5=Elena|last6=Ortiz-Tello|first6=Patricia|last7=Pons-Estel|first7=Bernardo A.|last8=Acevedo-Vasquez|first8=Eduardo|last9=Miranda|first9=Pedro|last10=Langefeld|first10=Carl D.|last11=Gravel|first11=Simon|date=2015-12-04|title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=11|issue=12|pages=e1005602|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602|issn=1553-7390|pmc=4670080|pmid=26636962}}</ref> (These proportions also vary widely among ethnicities), overall being the second country surveyed with more European blood proportion, only behind [[Argentina]].


===European Colombians===
===European Colombians===

Revision as of 06:20, 30 August 2022

"Columbians" redirects here. For set of postage stamps, see Columbian Issue.
For other uses, see Colombian.

Colombians
Colombianos
Map of the Colombian Diaspora in the World
Total population
c. 55 million (2020 estimate)
Diaspora c. 5 million
0.8% of world's population
Regions with significant populations
 Colombia 51,049,498 (2021 estimate)[1]
 United States808,148[2]
 Venezuela721,791[3]
 Spain514,110[4]
 Chile146,582[5]
 Ecuador89,931[6]
 Canada76,580[7]
 Panama41,885[8]
 Australia39,540[9]
 United Kingdom39,000[10]
 Mexico36,234[11]
 Costa Rica28,015[12]
 Argentina27,714[13]
 Germany20,705[14]
 Netherlands20,515[15]
 Italy19,848[16]
 France14,722[17]
 Sweden13,411[18]
Languages
Primarily Colombian Spanish (>99%) and Indigenous languages (0,8%)[19]
other languages of Colombia spoken by minority groups
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic;[20]
Protestant minority
See Religion in Colombia
Related ethnic groups
Other Latin Americans
Part of a series on the
History of Colombia
Coat of arms of Colombia
Timeline
Pre-Columbian period pre-1499
Spanish colonization 1499–1550
New Kingdom of Granada 1550–1717
Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717–1819
1810–1816
Gran Colombia 1819–1831
Republic of New Granada 1831–1858
Granadine Confederation 1858–1863
United States of Colombia 1863–1886
Republic of Colombia 1886–present
flag Colombia portal

Colombians (Spanish: Colombianos) are people identified with the country of Colombia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Colombians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Colombian.

Colombia is a multiethnic society, home to people of various ethnic, religious and national origins. As a result, majority of Colombians do not equate their nationality with their ethnicity but with allegiance to Colombia, while embracing and espousing the aforementioned simultaneously.[21]

The majority of the Colombian population is made up of Mestizo people. Native Americans mixed with Iberians and to a lesser extent other Europeans. Following the initial period of Spanish conquest and immigration, different waves of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly six centuries and continue today. Elements of Native American and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Colombia and thus a modern Colombian identity. [22]

Ethnic groups

See also: Race and ethnicity in Colombia

Mestizo Colombians

Main article: Mestizo Colombians

Estimates of the Mestizo population in Colombia vary widely, as Colombia's national census does not distinguish between White and Mestizo Colombians. According to the 2018 census, the Mestizo and White population combined make up approximately 87% of the Colombian population, but there is no official estimate of the mestizo population exclusively.[23] S Nevertheless, according to the genetic research of the American genetic portal Public Library of Science (PLOS) in 2015 determined that the average Colombian (of all races) has a mixture of European 62.5%, Native American 27.4%, sub-Saharan African 9.2% and Oriental 0.9%.[24] (These proportions also vary widely among ethnicities), overall being the second country surveyed with more European blood proportion, only behind Argentina.

European Colombians

Main article: White Colombians

Most Colombians of European descent are primarily descended from Spanish settlers, while other Europeans arrived during the 19th and 20th centuries. These migrations primarily brought Irish, British, Dutch, German, Ashkenazi Jewish, Swiss, Danish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Belgian, Russian, French and Italian immigrants who migrated to the Caribbean and Andean regions.[25][26][27] There are smaller numbers of Polish, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Czech, Greek and Croatian communities that immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War.[28][29][30]

Native American Colombians

Main article: Native American peoples in Colombia
The Wayuu represent the largest indigenous Native American ethnic group in Colombia.

Originally, Colombia's territory was inhabited entirely by Amerindian groups. Colombia's indigenous cultures evolved from three main groups—the Quimbayas, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; the Chibchas; and the Kalina (Caribs). The Muisca culture, a subset of the larger Chibcha ethnic group and famous for their use of gold, were responsible for the legend of El Dorado. Today Native American people comprise roughly 3.4% of the population in Colombia.[22] More than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban language families.[citation needed]

Historically there are 567 reserves (resguardos) established for Native American peoples and they are inhabited by more than 800,000 people. The 1991 constitution established that their native languages are official in their territories, and most of them have bilingual education systems teaching both native languages and Spanish. Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu,[31] the Arhuacos, the Muisca, the Kuna people, the Witoto, the Páez, the Tucano and the Guahibo. The departaments (departamentos) with the biggest indigenous population are Cauca, La Guajira and Nariño.[citation needed]

Asian and Oriental Colombians

Colombia's Asian community is generally made up of people of West Asian descent, particularly the Lebanese, though there are also smaller communities of East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian ancestry. West Asians, particularly Levantine immigrants from the Ottoman Empire came in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In 1928, several Japanese families settled in Valle del Cauca where they came as farmers to grow crops. Between 1970 and 1980, it was estimated that there were more than 6,000 Chinese immigrants in Colombia.[citation needed] In 2014, it was estimated that there were 25,000 Chinese living in Colombia.[32] Their current communities are found in Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena, Medellín, Santa Marta, Manizales, Cucutá and Pereira. There are also smaller Asians that immigrated to Colombia, such as Indians, Koreans, Filipinos and Pakistanis.

West Asian Colombians

Main article: Arab Colombians

Many Colombians have origins in the Western Asian countries of Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Palestine, It is estimated that Arab Colombians represent 3.2 million people.[33] Many moved to Colombia to escape the repression of the Turkish Ottoman Empire and/or financial hardships. When they were first processed in Colombia's ports, they were classified as "Turks". It is estimated that Colombia has a Lebanese population of 700,000 direct descendants and 1,500,000 who have partial ancestry. Meanwhile the Palestine population is estimated between 100,000-120,000.[34] Most Syrian-Lebanese immigrants established themselves in the Caribbean Region of Colombia in the towns of Santa Marta, Santa Cruz de Lorica, Fundación, Aracataca, Ayapel, Calamar, Ciénaga, Cereté, Montería and Barranquilla near the basin of the Magdalena River, in La Guajira Department, notably in Maicao and in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. Many Arab-Colombians adapted their names and surnames to the Spanish language to assimilate more quickly in their communities. Some Colombian surnames of Arab origin include: Guerra (originally Harb), Domínguez (Ñeca), Durán (Doura), Lara (Larach), Cristo (Salibe), among other surnames.

There are about 8,000 Colombians of Jewish origin who practice Judaism, most of them live in Bogotá. Colombia's Jewish community includes Sephardi Jews from countries such as Syria and Turkey also immigrated to the country and run their independent religious organizations. The Confederación de Comunidades Judías de Colombia coordinates Jews and institutions that practice the religion.

Consequently, there were other immigrants from the Western Asia, including a number of Armenian, Turkish, Georgian and Cypriot immigrants who arrived in the country during the early 20th century.

Afro-Colombians

Main article: Afro-Colombians
Afro-Colombian children.

Also known as "Afro", or "afro-colombiano" (In the Spanish language). 9.34% of Colombians are of full African or mulatto (of mixed African and European ancestry).[35] African slaves were brought mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the 18th century.[citation needed]

Immigrant groups

Main article: Immigration to Colombia

Because of its strategic location Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) and other Caribbean cities have the largest population of Lebanese, German, British, French, Italian and Romani descendants. There are also important communities of American and Chinese descendants in the Caribbean Coast. Most immigrants are Venezuelans, they are evenly distributed throughout the country.[36]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Colombia
See also: Colombian Spanish

There are 101 languages listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. There are about 500,000 speakers of indigenous languages in Colombia today.[37]

Education

Main article: Education in Colombia

The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five (Educación preescolar). Basic education (Educación básica) is compulsory by law.[38] It has two stages: Primary basic education (Educación básica primaria) which goes from first to fifth grade – children from six to ten years old, and Secondary basic education (Educación básica secundaria), which goes from sixth to ninth grade. Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (Educación media vocacional) that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. It may have different vocational training modalities or specialties (academic, technical, business, and so on.) according to the curriculum adopted by each school.

After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a high-school diploma is awarded. The high-school graduate is known as a bachiller, because secondary basic school and middle education are traditionally considered together as a unit called bachillerato (sixth to eleventh grade). Students in their final year of middle education take the ICFES test (now renamed Saber 11) in order to gain access to higher education (Educación superior). This higher education includes undergraduate professional studies, technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies.

Bachilleres (high-school graduates) may enter into a professional undergraduate career program offered by a university; these programs last up to five years (or less for technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies), even as much to six to seven years for some careers, such as medicine. In Colombia, there is not an institution such as college; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional, technical or technological title. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. For some professional career programs, students are required to take the Saber-Pro test, in their final year of undergraduate academic education.[39]

Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2012 was 4.4%. This represented 15.8% of total government expenditure. In 2012, the primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios stood at 106.9% and 92.8% respectively. School-life expectancy was 13.2 years. A total of 93.6% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.2% of those aged 15–24.[40]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Colombia
See also: Status of religious freedom in Colombia

The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism)[citation needed]. Some 4.7% of the population is atheist or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. 1.8% of Colombians adhere to Jehovah's Witnesses and Adventism and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Mormonism, Hinduism, Indigenous religions, Hare Krishna movement, Rastafari movement, Eastern Orthodox Church, and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively.[41][42][43]

While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom and equality of religion.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Proyecciones de población". Dane.gov.co. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  2. ^ Place of birth of the foreign-born population in the United States: 2019 U.S. Census Bureau
  3. ^ INE (2011). "Población nacida en el exterior, por año llegada a Venezuela, según país de nacimiento, Censo 2011" (PDF). Ine.gob.ve (in Spanish).
  4. ^ “Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año INE
  5. ^ "Extranjeros en Chile superan el millón 110 mil y el 72% se concentra en dos regiones: Antofagasta y Metropolitana" (in Spanish). El Mercurio. 9 April 2018.
  6. ^ http://www.dspace.espol.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/24489/1/Estad%c3%adsticas%20y%20distribuci%c3%b3n%20espacial%20de%20la%20migracion%20en%20el%20Ecuador_icm.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  7. ^ Statistics Canada (2011). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". 12.statcan.gc.ca.
  8. ^ "Población nacida en el extranjero en la República, por grupos de edad, según sexo y país de nacimiento" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo de Panamá.
  9. ^ "Table 5.1 Estimated resident population, by country of birth(a), Australia, as at 30 June, 1996 to 2020(b)(c)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom by country of birth and sex, January 2020 to December 2020". Office for National Statistics. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
  11. ^ INEGI (2010). "Conociendo...nos Todos" (PDF) (in Spanish).
  12. ^ 385.899 extranjeros viven en Costa Rica La Nación
  13. ^ Estadisticas Radicaciones 2014 [Residencies 2014] (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Buenos Aires: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Argentina. 2014. ISBN 978-950-896-420-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  14. ^ "Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland". De.statista.com (in German). Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  15. ^ "CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari". Statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  16. ^ "Colombiani in Italia. Popolazione residente in Italia proveniente dalla Colombia al 1° gennaio 2021. Dati ISTAT". tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  17. ^ "NAT1 - Population par sexe, âge et nationalité en 2018 − France métropolitaine −Étrangers - Immigrés en 2018 | Insee".
  18. ^ "Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder och kön. År 2000 - 2021" [Population by country of birth, gender and year: Year 2000 - 2021] (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  19. ^ "65 Lenguas Nativas de las 69 en Colombia son Indígenas". ONIC. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  20. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Colombia". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  21. ^ Semana (12 August 2017). "El gran legado de los inmigrantes en Colombia". Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  22. ^ a b "COLOMBIA UNA NACIÓN MULTICULTURAL" (PDF). DANE - El Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  23. ^ "Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018". geoportal.dane.gov.co. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  24. ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ "Estos fueron los primeros alemanes en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 10 June 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  26. ^ Vidal Ortega, Antonino; D’Amato Castillo, Giuseppe (1 December 2015). "Los otros, sin patria: italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien (in French) (105): 153–175. doi:10.4000/caravelle.1822. ISSN 1147-6753.
  27. ^ "Conozca a los inmigrantes europeos que se quedaron en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 2 July 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Del este de Europa, al Sur de América: Migraciones Soviéticas y Post Soviéticas a la Ciudad de Bucaramanga, Santander" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  29. ^ "Inmigración lituana en Colombia. La migración de los lituanos a Colombia tuvo lugar por primera vez durante la década de 1940, cuando la mayoría de los ciudadan". ww.es.freejournal.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  30. ^ "Colombia y Europa Oriental en la serie documental Inmigrantes".
  31. ^ EPM (2005). "La etnia Wayuu". Empresas Publicas de Medellin (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  32. ^ Gómez, Diana A.; Díaz, Luz M.; Gómez, Diana A.; Díaz, Luz M. (June 2016). "Las organizaciones chinas en Colombia". Migración y desarrollo (in Spanish). 14 (26): 75–110. ISSN 1870-7599.
  33. ^ S.A.S, Editorial La República. "Colombia y Medio Oriente". Diario La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  34. ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (7 March 2019). "Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  35. ^ Colombia: People 2019, DANE
  36. ^ "Aumenta El Numero De Inmigrantes Venezolanos En Colombia 017591". Ntn24.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  37. ^ The Languages of Colombia Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II - Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties - Chapter 2 - Concerning social, economic and cultural rights - Article 67)
  39. ^ "Ministerio de Educación de Colombia, Estructura del sistema educativo". 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007.
  40. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics Colombia Profile". Uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  41. ^ Beltrán Cely, William Mauricio (2013). Del monopolio católico a la explosión pentecostal' (PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Centro de Estudios Sociales (CES), Maestría en Sociología. ISBN 978-958-761-465-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  42. ^ Beltrán Cely, William Mauricio. "Descripción cuantitativa de la pluralización religiosa en Colombia" (PDF). Universitas humanística 73 (2012): 201–238. – bdigital.unal.edu.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  43. ^ "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pewforum.org. Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014.
  44. ^ Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II – Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties – Chapter I – Concerning fundamental rights – Article 19)
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