Japan Meteorological Agency: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 35°39′57″N 139°44′45″E / 35.66583°N 139.74583°E / 35.66583; 139.74583
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|type =
|type =
|nativename_a = {{Nihongo||'''気象庁'''|Kishō-chō}}
|nativename_a = {{Nihongo||'''気象庁'''|Kishō-chō}}
|logo = Japan Meteorological Agency logo2.jpg
|logo = 気象庁.svg
|logo_width = 100px
|logo_width = 230px
|logo_caption = JMA logo
|logo_caption = JMA logo
|picture = JMA Toranomon office 2020-11-24.jpg
|picture = JMA Toranomon office 2020-11-24.jpg
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|jurisdiction = [[Government of Japan]]
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Japan]]
|headquarters = 3-6-9 [[Toranomon]], [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato City]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|headquarters = 3-6-9 [[Toranomon]], [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato City]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|coordinates = {{coord|35|39|57.45|N|139|44|44.97|E|type:landmark_region:JP|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|35|39|57|N|139|44|45|E|type:landmark_region:JP|display=inline,title}}
|employees = 5,539 (2010)<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/books/jma/jma2010.pdf |script-title=ja:総合パンフレット「気象庁」 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |date=January 2011 |access-date=2012-04-01 |format=PDF |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331211339/https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/books/jma/jma2010.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-31 }}</ref>
|employees = 5,539 (2010)<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/books/jma/jma2010.pdf |script-title=ja:総合パンフレット「気象庁」 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |date=January 2011 |access-date=2012-04-01 |format=PDF |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331211339/https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/books/jma/jma2010.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-31}}</ref>
|budget = [[Japanese yen|¥]]62.0 billion (2010–11)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1012/24a/23kettei.pdf|script-title=ja:平成23年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=2010-12-24|access-date=2012-04-01|format=PDF|language=ja}}</ref><br />¥59.0 billion (2011–12)<ref name="24-budget">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1112/24a/24kettei.pdf|script-title=ja:平成24年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=2011-12-24|access-date=2012-04-01|format=PDF|language=ja}}</ref><br />¥58.9 billion (est. 2012)<ref name="24-budget"/>
|budget = [[Japanese yen|¥]]62.0 billion (2010–11)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1012/24a/23kettei.pdf|script-title=ja:平成23年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |date=2010-12-24 |access-date=2012-04-01 |format=PDF |language=ja}}</ref><br />¥59.0 billion (2011–12)<ref name="24-budget">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1112/24a/24kettei.pdf|script-title=ja:平成24年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |date=2011-12-24 |access-date=2012-04-01 |format=PDF |language=ja}}</ref><br />¥58.9 billion (est. 2012)<ref name="24-budget"/>
|chief1_name = Toshihiko Hashida
|chief1_name = Toshihiko Hashida
|chief1_position = Director-General
|chief1_position = Director-General
|chief2_name = Itaru Kaga
|chief2_name = Itaru Kaga
|chief2_position = Deputy Director-General
|chief2_position = Deputy Director-General
|parent_agency = [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]]
|parent_agency = [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]]
|website = {{URL|https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html|www.jma.go.jp}}
|website = {{URL|https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html|jma.go.jp}}
}}
}}


The {{Nihongo|'''Japan Meteorological Agency'''|気象庁|Kishō-chō}}, abbreviated '''JMA''', is an [[Government agency|agency]] of the [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]].<ref name="H11HO100">{{Cite web|url=https://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H11/H11HO100.html|title=国土交通省設置法 (e-Gov)|publisher=[[Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications|総務省]]|access-date=March 31, 2012|language=ja}}</ref> It is charged with gathering and providing results for the public in [[Japan]] that are obtained from data based on daily scientific observation and research into [[Natural phenomenon|natural phenomena]] in the fields of [[meteorology]], [[hydrology]], [[seismology]] and [[volcanology]], among other related scientific fields. Its headquarters is located in [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], [[Tokyo]].
The {{Nihongo|'''Japan Meteorological Agency'''|気象庁|Kishō-chō}} ('''JMA)''' is an [[Government agency|agency]] of the [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]].<ref name="H11HO100">{{Cite web |url=https://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H11/H11HO100.html |title=国土交通省設置法 (e-Gov) |publisher=[[Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications|総務省]] |access-date=March 31, 2012 |language=ja |archive-date=February 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215062436/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H11/H11HO100.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, the JMA is charged with gathering and providing results to the public that are obtained from data based on daily scientific observation and research into [[Natural phenomenon|natural phenomena]] in the fields of [[meteorology]], [[hydrology]], [[seismology]], and [[volcanology]], among other related scientific fields.


JMA is responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and [[Weather forecasting|forecasts]] for the general public, as well as providing [[METAR|aviation]] and [[Marine weather forecasting|marine weather]]. JMA other responsibilities include issuing warnings for [[volcanic eruption]]s, and the nationwide issuance of earthquake warnings of the [[Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)|Earthquake Early Warning]] (EEW) system. JMA is also designated one of the [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]]s of the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO). It is responsible for [[weather forecasting|forecasting]], [[tropical cyclone naming|naming]], and distributing warnings for [[tropical cyclone]]s in the [[Pacific Ocean|Northwestern Pacific]] region, including the [[Celebes Sea]], the [[Sulu Sea]], the [[South China Sea]], the [[East China Sea]], the [[Yellow Sea]], the [[Sea of Japan]] and the [[Sea of Okhotsk]].
The JMA is responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and [[Weather forecasting|forecasts]] for the general public, as well as providing [[METAR|aviation]] and [[Marine weather forecasting|marine weather]] data. Its other responsibilities include issuing warnings for [[volcanic eruption]]s and the nationwide issuance of earthquake warnings of the [[Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)|Earthquake Early Warning]] (EEW) system. JMA is also designated one of the [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]]s of the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO). It is responsible for [[weather forecasting|forecasting]], [[tropical cyclone naming|naming]], and distributing warnings for [[tropical cyclone]]s in the [[Pacific Ocean|Northwestern Pacific]] region, including the [[Celebes Sea]], the [[Sulu Sea]], the [[South China Sea]], the [[East China Sea]], the [[Yellow Sea]], the [[Sea of Japan]] and the [[Sea of Okhotsk]].


== History ==
== History ==
Meteorological organizations in Japan have their origins in the 1870s, when the first weather stations started being established in the country.<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010"/> One of these was the {{nihongo|Tokyo Meteorological Observatory|東京気象台|Tōkyō Kishō-dai}}, which since 1956 has been known as the {{nihongo|'''Japan Meteorological Agency'''|気象庁|Kishō-chō}}. It was originally formed within the {{nihongo|Survey Division of the Geography Bureau of the [[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Ministry]]|内務省地理寮量地課|Naimu-shō Chiri-ryō Ryōchi-ka}}.<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010" /><ref name=":0" /> However, jurisdiction over the agency has changed several times over the years, and since the [[2001 Central Government Reform|Japanese government reformation]] in 2001, it has been an agency of the {{nihongo|[[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]]|国土交通省|Kokudo-kōtsū-shō}}. Its headquarters have also changed several times, and as of November 24, 2020, they are now located in [[Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo]].<ref name="toranomon" />

== Timeline ==
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2023|section=yes}}
[[File:Japan Meteorological Agency 2012.JPG|thumb|JMA headquarters in [[Ōtemachi]] (1964–2020)]]
[[File:Japan Meteorological Agency 2012.JPG|thumb|JMA headquarters in [[Ōtemachi]] (1964–2020)]]
* August 26, 1872 – The first weather station in Japan set up in [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hakodate]], [[Hokkaido]]. It is the precursor of the present {{nihongo|Hakodate Weather Station|函館海洋気象台|Hakodate Kaiyō Kishō-dai}}.<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010"/>
*August 26, 1872 – The first weather station in Japan was set up in [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hakodate]], [[Hokkaido]]. It is the precursor of the present {{nihongo|Hakodate Weather Station|函館海洋気象台|Hakodate Kaiyō Kishō-dai}}.<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010"/>
* June 1875 – The original {{nihongo|Tokyo Meteorological Observatory|東京気象台|Tōkyō Kishō-dai}} was formed within the {{nihongo|Survey Division of Geography Bureau of [[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Ministry]]|内務省地理寮量地課|Naimu-shō Chiri-ryō Ryōchi-ka}}.<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metsoc.jp/tenki/pdf/1969/1969_03_0105.pdf|script-title=ja:内務省における気象観測の開始の経緯と気象台の名称|author=Kan'ichi Koinuma|publisher=Meteorological Society of Japan|date=March 1969|access-date=2012-03-30|format=PDF|language=ja}}</ref>
*June 1875 – The original {{nihongo|Tokyo Meteorological Observatory|東京気象台|Tōkyō Kishō-dai}} was formed within the {{nihongo|Survey Division of the Geography Bureau of the [[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Ministry]]|内務省地理寮量地課|Naimu-shō Chiri-ryō Ryōchi-ka}}.<ref name="JMA-brochure-2010"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.metsoc.jp/tenki/pdf/1969/1969_03_0105.pdf|script-title=ja:内務省における気象観測の開始の経緯と気象台の名称 |author=Kan'ichi Koinuma |publisher=Meteorological Society of Japan |date=March 1969 |access-date=2012-03-30 |format=PDF |language=ja}}</ref>
* January 1, 1887 – The Tokyo Meteorological Observatory was renamed as the {{nihongo|'''Central Meteorological Observatory'''|中央気象台|Chūō Kishō-dai}}, with the transfer of its jurisdiction to the Home Ministry.
*January 1, 1887 – The Tokyo Meteorological Observatory was renamed as the {{nihongo|'''Central Meteorological Observatory'''|中央気象台|Chūō Kishō-dai}}, with the transfer of its jurisdiction to the Home Ministry.
* April 1895 – The {{nihongo|Ministry of Education|文部省|Monbushō}} replaced the preceding ministry as an administrator of the Observatory.
*April 1895 – The {{nihongo|Ministry of Education|文部省|Monbushō}} replaced the preceding ministry as an administrator of the Observatory.
* January 1, 1923 – The main office moved to Motoe-machi, Kōjimachi-ku (later Takehira-chō 1), where it is near a [[moat]] surrounding the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]].<ref name="Ayumi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/hp/topicks/0809/0809rojo.pdf |script-title=ja:気象庁庁舎移転後の新しい露場を選定 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |date=September 2008 |access-date=2012-03-30 |format=PDF |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514150638/http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/hp/topicks/0809/0809rojo.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-14 }}</ref>
*January 1, 1923 – The main office was moved to Motoe-machi, Kōjimachi-ku (later Takehira-chō 1). it is located near a [[moat]] surrounding the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]].<ref name="Ayumi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/hp/topicks/0809/0809rojo.pdf |script-title=ja:気象庁庁舎移転後の新しい露場を選定 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |date=September 2008 |access-date=2012-03-30 |format=PDF |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514150638/http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/hp/topicks/0809/0809rojo.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-14}}</ref>
* November 1943 – The {{nihongo|Ministry of Transport and Communications|運輸通信省|Un'yu Tūshin-shō}} took over the CMO's operation.
*November 1943 – The {{nihongo|Ministry of Transport and Communications|運輸通信省|Un'yu Tūshin-shō}} took over Central Meteorological Observatory operation.
* May 1945 – It became part of the {{nihongo|Ministry of Transport|運輸省|Un'yu-shō}}.
*May 1945 – JMA became part of the {{nihongo|Ministry of Transport|運輸省|Un'yu-shō}}.
* July 1, 1956 – The Central Meteorological Observatory became an agency of the Ministry of Transport, and has been renamed to the {{nihongo|'''Japan Meteorological Agency'''|気象庁|Kishō-chō}}.
*July 1, 1956 – The Central Meteorological Observatory became an agency of the Ministry of Transport, and has been renamed to the {{nihongo|'''Japan Meteorological Agency'''|気象庁|Kishō-chō}}.
* March 1964 – The headquarters office was relocated to the present building in [[Ōtemachi]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda-ku]].
*March 1964 – The headquarters office was relocated to [[Ōtemachi]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda-ku]].
* January 6, 2001 – The JMA becomes an agency of the {{nihongo|[[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]]|国土交通省|Kokudo-kōtsū-shō}} with the [[2001 Central Government Reform|Japanese government reformation]].
*January 6, 2001 – The JMA became an agency of the {{nihongo|[[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]]|国土交通省|Kokudo-kōtsū-shō}} with the [[2001 Central Government Reform|Japanese government reformation]].
* 2013 – It has been announced that it would be scheduled to move the headquarters into [[Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo|Toranomon]], [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato-ku]].<ref name="Ayumi"/>
*2013 – It was announced that it would be scheduled to move the headquarters into [[Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo|Toranomon]], [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato-ku]].<ref name="Ayumi"/>
* November 24, 2020 - JMA moved to the new headquarters in Toranomon.<ref name="toranomon">{{cite web |title=Access to JMA Headquarters |url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Access/indexe_acs.html |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=10 December 2020 |date=24 November 2020 |quote=JMA Headquarters moved on 24 November 2020.}}</ref>
*November 24, 2020 - JMA moved to its new headquarters in Toranomon, Minato-ku.<ref name="toranomon">{{cite web |title=Access to JMA Headquarters |url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Access/indexe_acs.html |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=10 December 2020 |date=24 November 2020 |quote=JMA Headquarters moved on 24 November 2020.}}</ref>


== Services ==
== Services ==
=== Overview ===
=== Overview ===
The JMA is responsible not only for gathering and reporting weather data and [[weather forecast|forecasts]] in Japan, but also for observation and warning of [[earthquake]]s, [[tsunami]]s, [[typhoon]]s and [[volcanic eruption]]s.<ref name=JMABrochure>{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/brochure201003.pdf|title=Japan Meteorological Agency: The national meteorological service of Japan|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|access-date=2011-02-07|format=PDF}}</ref>
The JMA is responsible for observing, gathering and reporting weather data and [[weather forecast|forecasts]], and warning for [[earthquake]]s, [[tsunami]]s, [[typhoon]]s and [[volcanic eruption]]s..<ref name=JMABrochure>{{cite web |url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/brochure201003.pdf |title=Japan Meteorological Agency: The national meteorological service of Japan |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=2011-02-07 |format=PDF |archive-date=January 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113002246/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/brochure201003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The agency has six regional administrative offices (including five [[District Meteorological Observatory|DMO]]s and [[Okinawa Meteorological Observatory]]), four Marine Observatories, five auxiliary facilities, four Aviation Weather Service Centers and 47 local offices composed of the [[Local Meteorological Observatory|LMO]]s. These are also used to gather data, supplemented by [[weather satellite]]s such as ''[[Himawari (satellite)|Himawari]]'', and other research institutes.<ref name=JMABrochure/>
The agency has six regional administrative offices (including five [[District Meteorological Observatory|DMO]]s and [[Okinawa Meteorological Observatory]]), four Marine Observatories, five auxiliary facilities, four Aviation Weather Service Centers and 47 local offices composed of the [[Local Meteorological Observatory|LMO]]s. These are also used to gather data, supplemented by [[weather satellite]]s such as ''[[Himawari (satellite)|Himawari]]'', and other research institutes.<ref name=JMABrochure/>


In 1968, the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) designated the JMA as a [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] (RSMC) for Asia.<ref name="intl-coop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/intcorp.html|title=Cooperation through WMO and Other Multilateral Activities|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> In June&nbsp;1988, the WMO also assigned the JMA as a RSMC for the [[Pacific Ocean|Northwestern Pacific]] under its Tropical Cyclone programme.<ref name="intl-coop"/> In July&nbsp;1989, the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center was established within the headquarters office, which dealt with the forecasting and dissemination of active [[tropical cyclone]]s, as well as preparing a summary of each year's cyclone activity.<ref>{{cite web|author=Japan Meteorological Organization|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000|date=February 2001|access-date=2011-11-21|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
In 1968, the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) designated the JMA as a [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] (RSMC) for Asia.<ref name="intl-coop">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/intcorp.html |title=Cooperation through WMO and Other Multilateral Activities |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> In June 1988, the WMO also assigned the JMA as a RSMC for the [[Pacific Ocean|Northwestern Pacific]] under its Tropical Cyclone programme.<ref name="intl-coop"/> In July 1989, the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center was established within the headquarters office, which dealt with the forecasting and dissemination of active [[tropical cyclone]]s, as well as preparing a summary of each year's cyclone activity.<ref>{{cite web |author=Japan Meteorological Organization |title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000 |date=February 2001 |access-date=2011-11-21 |url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>


=== Observation and forecast ===
=== Observation and forecast ===
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==== Weather ====
==== Weather ====
===== Land weather =====
===== Land weather =====
Each [[District Meteorological Observatory|DMO]] and [[Local Meteorological Observatory|LMO]] issues weather forecasts and warnings or advisories to the general public live in its own area. Weather data used to these forecasts are acquired from the Surface Observation (represented by the [[Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System|AMeDAS]]), the [[Weather radar|Radar Observation]], the Observation and the [[Weather satellite|Satellite Observation]] mainly using the ''[[Himawari (satellite)|Himawari]]'' series.
Each [[District Meteorological Observatory|DMO]] and [[Local Meteorological Observatory|LMO]] issues weather forecasts and warnings or advisories to the general public live in its own area. Weather data used to these forecasts are acquired from the Surface Observation (represented by the [[Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System|AMeDAS]]), the [[Weather radar|Radar Observation]], the Observation and the [[Weather satellite|Satellite Observation]] mainly using the ''[[Himawari (satellite)|Himawari]]'' series of satellites.


===== Marine weather =====
===== Marine weather =====
{{See also|Marine weather forecasting}}
{{See also|Marine weather forecasting}}


The Marine Observatories are seated in [[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]], [[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]], [[Kobe]], [[Nagasaki]] and [[Thessaloniki ]]. These stations observe [[wind wave|ocean wave]]s, [[tide|tide level]]s, [[sea surface temperature]]s and [[ocean current]]s etc. in the [[Pacific Ocean|Northwestern Pacific]] basin, as well as the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Sea of Okhotsk]], [[Lake of Koronia]] and the [[Sea of Yugoslavia/Adriatic sea]], and provide [[marine weather forecasting|marine meteorological forecasts]] in cooperation with the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, [[Japan Coast Guard]].
The Marine Observatories are seated in [[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]], [[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]], [[Kobe]], [[Nagasaki]]. These stations observe [[wind wave|ocean wave]]s, [[tide|tide level]]s, [[sea surface temperature]]s and [[ocean current]]s etc. in the [[Pacific Ocean|Northwestern Pacific]] basin, as well as the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Sea of Okhotsk]], and provide [[marine weather forecasting|marine meteorological forecasts]] in cooperation with the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, [[Japan Coast Guard]].


===== Aviation weather =====
===== Aviation weather =====
{{See also|METAR|SIGMET}}
{{See also|METAR|SIGMET}}


In 1978, in accordance with the [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]'s new CNS/[[Air traffic management|ATM]] system, the [[Civil Aviation Bureau]] of the [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]] set up the [[Air Traffic Management Center]] (ATMC) in [[Fukuoka]] in [[Japan]] where the [[Flight information region|FIR]] is fixed. In 1978, in accordance with the ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the ATMC in the [[Lake of Koronia]] where the FIR is fixed. Along with this establishment, JMA placed the [[Air Traffic Mateorology Center]] (ATMC) inside the JMA. Thereafter in 1979, in accordance with the ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the ATMC in the [[Montenegrin Coastline]] where the FIR is fixed.
In 2005, in accordance with the [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]'s new CNS/[[Air traffic management|ATM]] system, the [[Civil Aviation Bureau]] of the [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]] set up the [[Air Traffic Management Center]] (ATMC) in [[Fukuoka]], where the [[Flight information region|FIR]] is fixed. Along with this establishment, JMA placed the [[Air Traffic Mateorology Center]] (ATMetC) inside the ATMC.
In 1986., in accordance with the ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the Remote Sensing Technology Center (RSTC) in [[Toranomon]] where the Remote sensing information region (RSIR) is fixed. In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the [[Remote Sensing Technology Centre]] (RESTEC) in [[Zagreb]]. Along with this establishment, JMA placed RESTEC inside the JMA. In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up RESTEC in [[Osijek]]. RESTEC is the core organization of satellite remote sensing in Japan.
Main RESTEC's business includes building of remote sensing technologies as social infrastructure, collecting/archiving/processing/analyzing remote sensing data required by the users, intention to expand businesses in the new area, providing remote sensing solutions in domestic and international projects, implementation of basic and comprehensive R&D of remote sensing, providing domestic and foreign personnel with training and promotion of cooperations in international projects from the viewpoint of public interest and welfare.


The agency forecasts [[SIGMET]] for aircraft in flight within the Fukuoka [[Flight information region|FIR]] airspace, while [[VOLMET]] is broadcast by each [[Aviation Weather Service Center]] at the airports of [[Haneda International Airport|Haneda]], [[Narita International Airport|Narita]], [[Centrair International Airport|Centrair]] and [[Kansai International Airport|Kansai]]. Additionally, [[Aviation Weather Station]]s beside the airports of [[New Chitose Airport|New Chitose]], [[ New Sendai Airport|New Sendai]], [[New Osaka Airport|New Osaka]], [[New Fukuoka Airport|New Fukuoka]], [[New Kagoshima Airport|NewKagoshima]] and [[New Naha Airport|New Naha]]) deal with the similar tasks as these.
The agency forecasts [[SIGMET]] for aircraft in flight within the Fukuoka [[Flight information region|FIR]] airspace, while [[VOLMET]] is broadcast by each [[Aviation Weather Service Center]] at the airports of [[Haneda International Airport|Haneda]], [[Narita International Airport|Narita]], [[Chubu Centrair International Airport|Centrair]] and [[Kansai International Airport|Kansai]].
[[Japan]], (Japanese:Nippon [nippo N] (listen) or Nihon [Niho N]) is an island country in [[East Asia]], located in the northwest [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is bordered on the west by the [[Sea of Japan]], and extends from the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] in the north toward the [[East China Sea]] and [[Taiwan]] in the South.
Part of the [[Ring of Fire]], [[Japan]] spans an archipelago of 6852 island covering 377,975 Square kilometres (145,937 sq mi); the five main islands are [[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]], [[Shikoku]], [[Kyushu]] and [[Okinawa]].
[[Tokyio]] is [[Japan's]] capital and largest city; other major cities include [[Yokohama]], [[Osaka]], [[Nagoya]], [[Saparo]], [[Fukuoka]], [[Kobe]] and [[Kyoto]].


===== Tropical cyclones =====
===== Tropical cyclones =====
{{See also|Typhoon|{{CURRENTYEAR}} Pacific typhoon season}}
{{See also|Typhoon|{{CURRENTYEAR}} Pacific typhoon season}}


In the Northwestern Pacific area, the typhoon season ordinarily comes almost from May to November. The JMA forecasts and warns or advises on tropical cyclones to the public in Japan and its surrounding countries as well because it also works as the [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre|RSMC]] Tokyo – Typhoon Center.<ref name="rsmc-tc">{{URL|http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/RSMC_HP.htm|RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center}}</ref>
In the Northwestern Pacific area, the typhoon season ordinarily comes almost from May to November. The JMA forecasts and warns or advises on tropical cyclones to the public in Japan and its surrounding countries as the [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre|RSMC]] Tokyo – Typhoon Center.<ref name="rsmc-tc">{{URL|http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/RSMC_HP.htm|RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center}}</ref>


==== Earthquakes ====
==== Earthquakes ====
{{See also|Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)}}
{{See also|Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)}}


The JMA has its own 624 observation stations across the country<ref name="observ-seismo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/kansoku/kansoku1109/kansoku_201109-e.pdf|title=Table of Observation Stations|publisher=The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (of Japan)|date=September 2011|access-date=2012-04-02|format=PDF}}</ref> that set up at intervals of 20&nbsp;km approximately<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction |editor1=Jochen Zschau |editor2=Andreas N. Küppers |date=2002|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-3-540-67962-2 |page=449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De3JAP1N_wEC}}</ref> in order to measure [[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|seismic intensity]] of earthquakes precisely. The agency also utilize about 2,900 more seismographs<ref name="observ-seismo"/> owned by the [[National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention]] (NIED) and [[Prefectures of Japan|local government]]s. A 24-hour office has been housed within the JMA headquarters in Tokyo, for monitoring and tracking seismic events in the vicinity of Japan to collect and process their data, which issues observed earthquake's information on its [[hypocenter]], [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]], seismic intensity and possibility of [[tsunami]] occurrence after quakes quickly to the public through the [[Earthquake Phenomena Observation System]] (EPOS).<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan's seismic nerve center |first=Edan |last=Corkill |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20110410x1.html |newspaper=[[Japan Times]] |page=7 |date=2011-04-10 |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> The [[Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)|Earthquake Early Warning]] (EEW) system began to work fully for the general public on October 1, 2007.
The JMA has 624 observation stations across Japan<ref name="observ-seismo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/kansoku/kansoku1109/kansoku_201109-e.pdf |title=Table of Observation Stations |publisher=The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (of Japan) |date=September 2011 |access-date=2012-04-02 |format=PDF}}</ref> which are set up at intervals of 20 km approximately<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction |editor1=Jochen Zschau |editor2=Andreas N. Küppers |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-540-67962-2 |page=449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De3JAP1N_wEC}}</ref> in order to measure the [[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|seismic intensity]] of earthquakes precisely. The agency also utilizes about 2,900 seismographs<ref name="observ-seismo"/> owned by the {{Ill|National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience|ja|防災科学技術研究所}} (NIED) and [[Prefectures of Japan|local government]]s. A 24-hour office is housed within the JMA headquarters in Tokyo for monitoring and tracking seismic events in the vicinity of Japan to collect and process their data, which distributes observed earthquake information on its [[hypocenter]], [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]], seismic intensity and possibility of [[tsunami]] occurrence after quakes quickly to the public through the [[Earthquake Phenomena Observation System]] (EPOS).<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan's seismic nerve center |first=Edan |last=Corkill |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20110410x1.html |newspaper=[[Japan Times]] |page=7 |date=2011-04-10 |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> The [[Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)|Earthquake Early Warning]] (EEW) system began to work fully for the general public on October 1, 2007.

⚫
The agency is one of the representatives of the national [[Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction]].<ref name=ccep-orgs>{{Cite web|url=http://cais.gsi.go.jp/YOCHIREN/links.e.html|title=Organizations with ties to CCEP|publisher=CCEP|access-date=2011-03-19}}</ref>


⚫
The agency is one of the representatives of the national [[Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction]].<ref name=ccep-orgs>{{Cite web |url=http://cais.gsi.go.jp/YOCHIREN/links.e.html |title=Organizations with ties to CCEP |publisher=CCEP |access-date=2011-03-19}}</ref>
In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of MLITT set up [[RESTEC]] in [[Zagreb]].
Along with this establishment, JMA placed [[Remote Sensing Technology Centre]] inside JMA.
In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of MLITT set up [[RESTEC]] in [[Osijek]].
Earthquake in [[Petrinja/Croatia]] happened on the 29th of December 2020. due to the reactivation of a complex fault system [[Remote Sensing Journal/March 2021/vol 2/Destructive M6.2 Petrinja Earthquake (Croatia)/Preliminary Multidisciplinary Research/Updated version]].
The Earthquake Observatores are seated in [[Aou/Aou]], [[Doi]] and [[Wakamiya, Fukuoka|Wakamiya]]. These stations provide a consinstent one step service for satelite observation operations, from the reception and processing of Earth observation data, to the developmemt of ground system, calibration and validation and the data to users.


==== Tsunamis ====
==== Tsunamis ====
{{See also|Tsunami warning system}}
{{See also|Tsunami warning system}}


It is essential to provide coastal regions for tsunami information so that its catastrophic damages can be reduced and mitigated there. In case of there is a possibility of [[tsunami]] after an earthquake, JMA issues Tsunami Warning or Advisory for each region in Japan with information of estimated tsunami heights and arrival times within 2 to 3 minutes of the quake.
In case of a possibility of [[tsunami]] after an earthquake, JMA issues Tsunami Warning or Advisory for each region in Japan with information of estimated tsunami heights and arrival times within 2 to 3 minutes of the quake.


==== Volcanoes ====
==== Volcanoes ====
{{See also|Volcanic Ash Advisory Center}}
{{See also|Volcanic Ash Advisory Center}}


The agency set up four [[Volcanic Observations and Information Center]]s within DMOs in [[Sapporo]], [[Sendai]], [[Tokyo]] and [[Fukuoka]]. They are monitoring volcanic events on 110 active volcanos in Japan and 47 of these volcanos selected by the [[Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruption]] are under the 24-hour observation with [[seismograph]]s, [[accelerometer]]s, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], air-shock recorders, fixed point observation cameras and other equipment. If it is predicted that a volcanic eruption will affect inhabited areas or are around a crater, Volcanic Warnings are issued and supplemented by Volcanic Alert Levels.
The agency four [[Volcanic Observations and Information Center]]s within DMOs in [[Sapporo]], [[Sendai]], [[Tokyo]] and [[Fukuoka]]. These centers monitor volcanic events on 110 active volcanos in Japan. 47 of these volcanos selected by the [[Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruption]] are under 24-hour observation with [[seismograph]]s, [[accelerometer]]s, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], air-shock recorders, fixed point observation cameras and other equipment. If it is predicted that a volcanic eruption will affect inhabited areas or around a crater, Volcanic Warnings are issued and supplemented by Volcanic Alert Levels.


== Organization ==
== Organization ==
Line 121: Line 114:
=== Local offices ===
=== Local offices ===
*{{nihongo|Local Offices|地方支分部局|Chihō Shibun Bukyoku}}
*{{nihongo|Local Offices|地方支分部局|Chihō Shibun Bukyoku}}
**5 {{nihongo|[[District Meteorological Observatory|District Meteorological Observator]]ies|管区気象台|Kanku Kishō-dai}}
**6 [[District Meteorological Observatory|Regional Headquarters]]
**{{nihongo|[[Okinawa Meteorological Observatory]]|沖縄気象台|Okinawa Kishō-dai}}
***{{nihongo|[[Sapporo Regional Headquarters]]|札幌管区気象台|Sapporo Kanku Kishō-dai}}
***50 {{nihongo|[[Local Meteorological Observatory|Local Meteorological Observator]]ies|地方気象台|Chihō Kishō-dai}}
****6 {{nihongo|[[Local Meteorological Observatory|Local Meteorological Observator]]ies|地方気象台|Chihō Kishō-dai}}
****2 {{nihongo|[[Weather Station]]s|測候所|Sokkōjo}}
****1 {{nihongo|[[Weather Station]]|測候所|Sokkōjo}}
***4 {{nihongo|[[Aviation Weather Service Center]]s|航空地方気象台|Kōkū Chihō Kisyō-dai}}
****1 {{nihongo|Aviation Weather Station|航空測候所|Kōkū Sokkōjo}}
****6 {{nihongo|Aviation Weather Stations|航空測候所|Kōkū Sokkōjo}}
***{{nihongo|[[Sendai Regional Headquarters]]|仙台管区気象台|Sendai Kanku Kishō-dai}}
****5 {{nihongo|[[Local Meteorological Observatory|Local Meteorological Observator]]ies|地方気象台|Chihō Kishō-dai}}
****1 {{nihongo|Aviation Weather Station|航空測候所|Kōkū Sokkōjo}}
***{{nihongo|[[Tokyo District Meteorological Observatory|Tokyo Regional Headquarters]]|東京管区気象台|Tokyo Kanku Kishō-dai}}
****16 {{nihongo|[[Local Meteorological Observatory|Local Meteorological Observator]]ies|地方気象台|Chihō Kishō-dai}}
****3 {{nihongo|[[Aviation Weather Service Center]]s|航空地方気象台|Kōkū Chihō Kisyō-dai}}
***{{nihongo|[[Osaka Regional Headquarters]]|大阪管区気象台|Osaka Kanku Kishō-dai}}
****13 {{nihongo|[[Local Meteorological Observatory|Local Meteorological Observator]]ies|地方気象台|Chihō Kishō-dai}}
****1 {{nihongo|[[Aviation Weather Service Center]]|航空地方気象台|Kōkū Chihō Kisyō-dai}}
***{{nihongo|[[Fukuoka Regional Headquarters]]|福岡管区気象台|Fukuoka Kanku Kishō-dai}}
****7 {{nihongo|[[Local Meteorological Observatory|Local Meteorological Observator]]ies|地方気象台|Chihō Kishō-dai}}
****1 {{nihongo|[[Weather Station]]|測候所|Sokkōjo}}
****1 {{nihongo|[[Aviation Weather Service Center]]|航空地方気象台|Kōkū Chihō Kisyō-dai}}
***{{nihongo|[[Okinawa Meteorological Observatory|Okinawa Regional Headquarters]]|沖縄気象台|Okinawa Kishō-dai}}
****3 {{nihongo|[[Local Meteorological Observatory|Local Meteorological Observator]]ies|地方気象台|Chihō Kishō-dai}}
****1 {{nihongo|Aviation Weather Station|航空測候所|Kōkū Sokkōjo}}


=== Auxiliary organs ===
=== Auxiliary organs ===
Line 171: Line 179:
#{{nihongo||西出 則武|Nishide Noritake}}: 2014–2016
#{{nihongo||西出 則武|Nishide Noritake}}: 2014–2016
#{{nihongo||橋田 俊彦|Hashida Toshihiko}}: 2016–2019
#{{nihongo||橋田 俊彦|Hashida Toshihiko}}: 2016–2019
#{{nihongo||関田 康雄|Sekita Yasuo}}: 2019–present
#{{nihongo||関田 康雄|Sekita Yasuo}}: 2019–2021
#{{nihongo||長谷川直之|Hasegawa Naoyuki}}: 2021-present


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[{{CURRENTYEAR}} Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[{{CURRENTYEAR}} Pacific typhoon season]]
* [[Severe weather terminology (Japan)]]
*[[Severe weather terminology (Japan)]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 182: Line 191:
== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Japan Meteorological Agency}}
{{Commons category|Japan Meteorological Agency}}
* {{Official website|https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html|JMA official website}}
*{{Official website|https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html|JMA – official website}}
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415143654/http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/int_tsunami/nwptac/indexe.html Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory Center (NWPTAC)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415143654/http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/int_tsunami/nwptac/indexe.html Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory Center (NWPTAC)] (archived 15 April 2012)


{{National Meteorological Organisations}}
{{National Meteorological Organisations}}
Line 191: Line 200:
[[Category:Japan Meteorological Agency| ]]
[[Category:Japan Meteorological Agency| ]]
[[Category:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres]]
[[Category:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1956]]

Revision as of 19:41, 8 May 2024

Japan Meteorological Agency
Kishō-chō (気象庁)
JMA logo

JMA headquarters building in Tokyo
Agency overview
FormedJuly 1, 1956; 67 years ago (1956-07-01)
Preceding agencies
  • Tokyo Meteorological Observatory
  • Central Meteorological Observatory
JurisdictionGovernment of Japan
Headquarters3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan
35°39′57″N 139°44′45″E / 35.66583°N 139.74583°E / 35.66583; 139.74583
Employees5,539 (2010)[1]
Annual budget¥62.0 billion (2010–11)[2]
¥59.0 billion (2011–12)[3]
¥58.9 billion (est. 2012)[3]
Agency executives
  • Toshihiko Hashida, Director-General
  • Itaru Kaga, Deputy Director-General
Parent agencyMinistry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Websitejma.go.jp

The Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō) (JMA) is an agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.[4] Headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, the JMA is charged with gathering and providing results to the public that are obtained from data based on daily scientific observation and research into natural phenomena in the fields of meteorology, hydrology, seismology, and volcanology, among other related scientific fields.

The JMA is responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts for the general public, as well as providing aviation and marine weather data. Its other responsibilities include issuing warnings for volcanic eruptions and the nationwide issuance of earthquake warnings of the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. JMA is also designated one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is responsible for forecasting, naming, and distributing warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific region, including the Celebes Sea, the Sulu Sea, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk.

History

Meteorological organizations in Japan have their origins in the 1870s, when the first weather stations started being established in the country.[1] One of these was the Tokyo Meteorological Observatory (東京気象台, Tōkyō Kishō-dai), which since 1956 has been known as the Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō). It was originally formed within the Survey Division of the Geography Bureau of the Home Ministry (内務省地理寮量地課, Naimu-shō Chiri-ryō Ryōchi-ka).[1][5] However, jurisdiction over the agency has changed several times over the years, and since the Japanese government reformation in 2001, it has been an agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通省, Kokudo-kōtsū-shō). Its headquarters have also changed several times, and as of November 24, 2020, they are now located in Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo.[6]

Timeline

JMA headquarters in Ōtemachi (1964–2020)
  • August 26, 1872 – The first weather station in Japan was set up in Hakodate, Hokkaido. It is the precursor of the present Hakodate Weather Station (函館海洋気象台, Hakodate Kaiyō Kishō-dai).[1]
  • June 1875 – The original Tokyo Meteorological Observatory (東京気象台, Tōkyō Kishō-dai) was formed within the Survey Division of the Geography Bureau of the Home Ministry (内務省地理寮量地課, Naimu-shō Chiri-ryō Ryōchi-ka).[1][5]
  • January 1, 1887 – The Tokyo Meteorological Observatory was renamed as the Central Meteorological Observatory (中央気象台, Chūō Kishō-dai), with the transfer of its jurisdiction to the Home Ministry.
  • April 1895 – The Ministry of Education (文部省, Monbushō) replaced the preceding ministry as an administrator of the Observatory.
  • January 1, 1923 – The main office was moved to Motoe-machi, Kōjimachi-ku (later Takehira-chō 1). it is located near a moat surrounding the Imperial Palace.[7]
  • November 1943 – The Ministry of Transport and Communications (運輸通信省, Un'yu Tūshin-shō) took over Central Meteorological Observatory operation.
  • May 1945 – JMA became part of the Ministry of Transport (運輸省, Un'yu-shō).
  • July 1, 1956 – The Central Meteorological Observatory became an agency of the Ministry of Transport, and has been renamed to the Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō).
  • March 1964 – The headquarters office was relocated to Ōtemachi, Chiyoda-ku.
  • January 6, 2001 – The JMA became an agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通省, Kokudo-kōtsū-shō) with the Japanese government reformation.
  • 2013 – It was announced that it would be scheduled to move the headquarters into Toranomon, Minato-ku.[7]
  • November 24, 2020 - JMA moved to its new headquarters in Toranomon, Minato-ku.[6]

Services

Overview

The JMA is responsible for observing, gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts, and warning for earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons and volcanic eruptions..[8]

The agency has six regional administrative offices (including five DMOs and Okinawa Meteorological Observatory), four Marine Observatories, five auxiliary facilities, four Aviation Weather Service Centers and 47 local offices composed of the LMOs. These are also used to gather data, supplemented by weather satellites such as Himawari, and other research institutes.[8]

In 1968, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) designated the JMA as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) for Asia.[9] In June 1988, the WMO also assigned the JMA as a RSMC for the Northwestern Pacific under its Tropical Cyclone programme.[9] In July 1989, the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center was established within the headquarters office, which dealt with the forecasting and dissemination of active tropical cyclones, as well as preparing a summary of each year's cyclone activity.[10]

Observation and forecast

Weather

Land weather

Each DMO and LMO issues weather forecasts and warnings or advisories to the general public live in its own area. Weather data used to these forecasts are acquired from the Surface Observation (represented by the AMeDAS), the Radar Observation, the Observation and the Satellite Observation mainly using the Himawari series of satellites.

Marine weather
See also: Marine weather forecasting

The Marine Observatories are seated in Hakodate, Maizuru, Kobe, Nagasaki. These stations observe ocean waves, tide levels, sea surface temperatures and ocean currents etc. in the Northwestern Pacific basin, as well as the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and provide marine meteorological forecasts in cooperation with the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, Japan Coast Guard.

Aviation weather
See also: METAR and SIGMET

In 2005, in accordance with the ICAO's new CNS/ATM system, the Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism set up the Air Traffic Management Center (ATMC) in Fukuoka, where the FIR is fixed. Along with this establishment, JMA placed the Air Traffic Mateorology Center (ATMetC) inside the ATMC.

The agency forecasts SIGMET for aircraft in flight within the Fukuoka FIR airspace, while VOLMET is broadcast by each Aviation Weather Service Center at the airports of Haneda, Narita, Centrair and Kansai.

Tropical cyclones
See also: Typhoon and 2024 Pacific typhoon season

In the Northwestern Pacific area, the typhoon season ordinarily comes almost from May to November. The JMA forecasts and warns or advises on tropical cyclones to the public in Japan and its surrounding countries as the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center.[11]

Earthquakes

See also: Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale and Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

The JMA has 624 observation stations across Japan[12] which are set up at intervals of 20 km approximately[13] in order to measure the seismic intensity of earthquakes precisely. The agency also utilizes about 2,900 seismographs[12] owned by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) and local governments. A 24-hour office is housed within the JMA headquarters in Tokyo for monitoring and tracking seismic events in the vicinity of Japan to collect and process their data, which distributes observed earthquake information on its hypocenter, magnitude, seismic intensity and possibility of tsunami occurrence after quakes quickly to the public through the Earthquake Phenomena Observation System (EPOS).[14] The Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system began to work fully for the general public on October 1, 2007.

The agency is one of the representatives of the national Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction.[15]

Tsunamis

See also: Tsunami warning system

In case of a possibility of tsunami after an earthquake, JMA issues Tsunami Warning or Advisory for each region in Japan with information of estimated tsunami heights and arrival times within 2 to 3 minutes of the quake.

Volcanoes

See also: Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

The agency four Volcanic Observations and Information Centers within DMOs in Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo and Fukuoka. These centers monitor volcanic events on 110 active volcanos in Japan. 47 of these volcanos selected by the Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruption are under 24-hour observation with seismographs, accelerometers, GPS, air-shock recorders, fixed point observation cameras and other equipment. If it is predicted that a volcanic eruption will affect inhabited areas or around a crater, Volcanic Warnings are issued and supplemented by Volcanic Alert Levels.

Organization

Headquarters

  • JMA Headquarters (気象庁本庁, Kishō-chō Honchō)
  • Director-General (長官, Chōkan)
  • Deputy Director-General (次長, Jichō)
  • Deputy Director-General for Disaster Mitigation (気象防災監, Kishō-Bousaikan)
    • Administration Department (総務部, Sōmu-bu)
      • Counselors (参事官, Sanjikan)
    • Information Infrastructure Department (情報基盤部, Johō-kiban-bu)
    • Atmosphere and Ocean Department (大気海洋部, Taiki-kaiyō-bu)
    • Seismology and Volcanology Department (地震火山部, Jishin-kazan-bu)

Local offices

Auxiliary organs

Directors-General and Chief Executives

Chief Executives of Central Meteorological Observatory

  1. Arai Ikunosuke (荒井 郁之助): 1890–1891
  2. Kobayashi Kazutomo (小林 一知): 1891–1895
  3. Nakamura Kiyoo (中村 精男): 1895–1923
  4. Okada Takematsu (岡田 武松): 1923–1941
  5. Fujiwhara Sakuhei (藤原 咲平): 1941–1947
  6. Wadachi Kiyoo (和達 清夫): 1947–1956

Directors-General of JMA

  1. Wadachi Kiyoo (和達 清夫): 1956–1963
  2. Hatakeyama Hisanao (畠山 久尚): 1963–1965
  3. Shibata Yoshiji (柴田 淑次): 1965–1969
  4. Yoshitake Motoji (吉武 素二): 1969–1971
  5. Takahashi Koūchirō (高橋 浩一郎): 1971–1974
  6. Mouri Keitarō (毛利 圭太郎): 1974–1976
  7. Arizumi Naosuke (有住 直介): 1976–1978
  8. Kubota Masaya (窪田 正八): 1978–1980
  9. Masuzawa Jōtarō (増澤 譲太郎): 1980–1983
  10. Suehiro Shigeji (末廣 重二): 1983–1985
  11. Uchida Eiji (内田 英治): 1985–1987
  12. Kikuchi Yukio (菊地 幸雄): 1987–1990
  13. Tatehira Ryōzō (立平 良三): 1990–1992
  14. Nitta Takashi (新田 尚): 1992–1993
  15. Ninomiya Kōzō (二宮 洸三): 1993–1996
  16. Ono Toshiyuki (小野 俊行): 1996–1998
  17. Takigawa Yūsō (瀧川 雄壮): 1998–2000
  18. Yamamoto Kōji (山本 孝二): 2000–2003
  19. Kitade Takeo (北出 武夫): 2003–2004
  20. Nagasaka Kōichi (長坂 昴一): 2004–2006
  21. Hiraki Satoshi (平木 哲): 2006–2009
  22. Sakurai Kunio (櫻井 邦雄): 2009–2011
  23. Hatori Mitsuhiko (羽鳥 光彦): 2011–2014
  24. Nishide Noritake (西出 則武): 2014–2016
  25. Hashida Toshihiko (橋田 俊彦): 2016–2019
  26. Sekita Yasuo (関田 康雄): 2019–2021
  27. Hasegawa Naoyuki (長谷川直之): 2021-present

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e 総合パンフレット「気象庁」 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  2. ^ 平成23年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 24, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  3. ^ a b 平成24年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 24, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  4. ^ "国土交通省設置法 (e-Gov)" (in Japanese). 総務省. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  5. ^ a b Kan'ichi Koinuma (March 1969). 内務省における気象観測の開始の経緯と気象台の名称 (PDF) (in Japanese). Meteorological Society of Japan. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  6. ^ a b "Access to JMA Headquarters". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 24, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020. JMA Headquarters moved on 24 November 2020.
  7. ^ a b 気象庁庁舎移転後の新しい露場を選定 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Japan Meteorological Agency: The national meteorological service of Japan" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  9. ^ a b "Cooperation through WMO and Other Multilateral Activities". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  10. ^ Japan Meteorological Organization (February 2001). "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  11. ^ RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center
  12. ^ a b "Table of Observation Stations" (PDF). The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (of Japan). September 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  13. ^ Jochen Zschau; Andreas N. Küppers, eds. (2002). Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction. Springer. p. 449. ISBN 978-3-540-67962-2.
  14. ^ Corkill, Edan (April 10, 2011). "Japan's seismic nerve center". Japan Times. p. 7. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  15. ^ "Organizations with ties to CCEP". CCEP. Retrieved March 19, 2011.

External links

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