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{{Short description|Disputed island in the Kurils}}
{{Short description|Disputed island in the Kurils}}
{{about|the island in the Kurils|the island in the Nordenskiöld Archipelago|Shpanberg Island}}
{{distinguish|Shakotan, Hokkaido|Shpanberg Island}}
{{Infobox islands
{{distinguish|Shakotan, Hokkaido}}
⚫
| disputed = yes
{{Infobox Disputed Islands
| name = Shikotan
| name = Shikotan
⚫
| other_names = {{lang-ru|Шикотан}}; {{lang-ja|色丹島}}
| image name = ShikotanSTS112-E-5660k.PNG
| image_name = ShikotanSTS112-E-5660k.PNG
| image caption = [[NASA]] picture of Shikotan Island
| image size = 300px
| image_size = 300px
| locator map = [[File:Demis - Shikotan.png|300px]]
| image_caption = [[NASA]] picture of Shikotan Island
| image_map = [[File:Demis - Shikotan.png|300px]]
| native name =
⚫
| location = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| native name link =
⚫
| coordinates = {{Coord|43|48|N|146|45|E|type:isle|display=inline}}
⚫
| other_names = {{lang-ru|Шикотан}}; {{lang-ja|色丹島}}
| location = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| archipelago = [[Kuril Islands]]
⚫
| total_islands = 1
⚫
| coordinates = {{Coord|43|48|N|146|45|E|type:isle|display=inline}}
| archipelago = [[Kuril Islands]]
| area_km2 = 225
| total islands = 1
| elevation_m = 412
| highest_mount = Mount Shakotan
| major islands =
| area = {{convert|225|km2|acre}}
| country = {{RUS}}
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal subject]]
| length =
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Sakhalin Oblast]]
⚫
| width =
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = [[Raion|District]]
| coastline =
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District|Yuzhno-Kurilsky]]
| highest mount = Mount Tomari
| elevation = {{convert|412|m|ft}}
| country1 = {{JAP}}
⚫
| country1_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| country claim = {{ru|Japan}}
| country1_admin_divisions_1 = [[Hokkaido]]
⚫
| country claim divisions title 1 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
⚫
| country1_admin_divisions_title_2 = [[Subprefectures of Hokkaido|Subprefecture]]
| country claim divisions 1 = [[Hokkaido]]
| country1_admin_divisions_2 = [[Nemuro Subprefecture|Nemuro]]
⚫
| country claim divisions title 2 = [[Subprefectures of Hokkaido|Subprefecture]]
| country claim divisions 2 = [[Nemuro Subprefecture|Nemuro]]
| population = 2,100
⚫
| country claim capital =
| country claim largest city =
| country claim largest city population =
| country claim leader title =
| country claim leader name =
| country 1 claim =
| country 1 claim divisions title =
| country 1 claim divisions =
| country 1 claim capital city =
| country 1 claim largest city =
| country 1 claim largest city population =
| country 1 claim leader title =
| country 1 claim leader name =
| country = {{ru|Russia}}
| country admin divisions title = Federal subject
⚫
| country admin divisions = [[Sakhalin Oblast]]
| country capital city =
| country largest city =
| country largest city population =
| country leader title =
| country leader name =
| population = 2,100
| population as of =
| density =
| ethnic groups =
| additional info =
}}
}}


'''Shikotan''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Шикотан; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: {{lang-ja|色丹|Shikotan}}; {{lang-ain|シコタン or シコタヌ|Sikotan}}), also known as '''Shpanberg''' (after [[Martin Spangberg]]), is an island in the [[Kuril Islands|Kurils]] administered by the [[Russian Federation]] as part of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]] of [[Sakhalin Oblast]]. It is [[Kuril Islands dispute|claimed]] by [[Japan]] as the nominal {{Nihongo|'''Shikotan District'''|色丹郡|Shikotan-gun}}, part of [[Nemuro Subprefecture]] of [[Hokkaido|Hokkaido Prefecture]].
'''Shikotan''',<!--alt names below--> also known as '''Shpanberg''' or '''Spanberg''', is an island in the [[Kuril Islands|Kurils]] administered by the [[Russian Federation]] as part of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]] of [[Sakhalin Oblast]]. It is [[Kuril Islands dispute|claimed]] by [[Japan]] as the titular {{Nihongo|'''Shikotan District'''|色丹郡|Shikotan-gun}}, organized as part of [[Nemuro Subprefecture]] of [[Hokkaido|Hokkaido Prefecture]]. The island's primary economic activities are [[fishery|fisheries]] and [[fishing]], with the principal marine products being [[cod]], [[crab]], and [[kelp]].


{{anchor|Etymology|Name}}
The island's primary economic activities are [[fishery|fisheries]] and [[fishing]], with the principal marine products being [[cod]], [[crab]], and [[kelp]]. The name ''Shikotan'' derives from the [[Ainu language]] and means "the village proper" or "real town" (Ainu [[Reflexive pronoun|reflexive]] or embellishing prefix ''si-'' + Ainu ''kotan'' "inhabited place, settlement, village, town").
==Names==
The English name ''{{linktext|Shikotan}}'' transcribes both the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name {{lang|ja|{{linktext|色丹|lang=ja}}}} and the [[Russian language|Russian]] name {{lang|ru|{{linktext|Шикотан|lang=ru}}}}. The Japanese name derives from the [[Ainu language|Ainu]] ''Sikotan'' ({{lang|ain-Kana|シ{{linktext|コタン|lang=ain-Kana}}}} or {{lang|ain-Kana|シコタヌ}}). The name combines the Ainu [[Reflexive pronoun|reflexive]] or embellishing prefix ''si-'' and the word ''kotan'' ("[[human settlement|settlement]], [[village]]"), used [[metonym]]ically in Ainu for each of the islands of the Kurils.

The alternative Russian name ''Shpanberg'' ({{lang|ru|{{linktext|Шпанберг|lang=ru}}}}), sometimes [[anglicization of names|anglicized]] as ''Spanberg'', honors [[Martin Spanberg]], one of [[Vitus Bering]]'s lieutenants who led three voyages in 1738, 1739, and 1742 that first initiated [[Russian Empire|Russian]] [[Russian-Japanese relations|diplomatic relations]] with [[Tokugawa Japan|Japan]] and helped accelerate [[Kuril Islands dispute|Russian control of the Kurils]].


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
⚫
The total land [[area]] of Shikotan is {{convert|225|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}. The island is hilly, averaging 300 metres in elevation. The shores of the island are very indented and covered with oceanic [[meadow]]s. The highest [[altitude]] is 412 m. The island is formed by the [[volcanic rock]] and [[sandstone]] of the Upper [[Cretaceous]] and [[Cenozoic]] periods. There are two extinct volcanoes on Shikotan: Mount Tomari and Mount Notoro. [[Offshore islets of Shikotan|A number of tiny islets and rocks]] are scattered around the coast of Shikotan. Two larger islands lie off the south coast: Griega island; and Aivazovskogo island which lies in a bay near the western end of the southern coast.

⚫
The total land [[area]] of Shikotan is 225&nbsp;km². The island is hilly, averaging 300 metres in elevation. The shores of the island are very indented and covered with oceanic [[meadow]]s. The highest [[altitude]] is 412 m. The island is formed by the [[volcanic rock]] and [[sandstone]] of the Upper [[Cretaceous]] and [[Cenozoic]] periods. There are two extinct volcanoes on Shikotan: Mount Tomari and Mount Notoro.


Shikotan's [[vegetation]] consists mostly of Sakhalin [[fir]], [[larch]], [[deciduous]] trees, [[bamboo]] [[underbrush]], and [[juniper]] brushwood.
Shikotan's [[vegetation]] consists mostly of Sakhalin [[fir]], [[larch]], [[deciduous]] trees, [[bamboo]] [[underbrush]], and [[juniper]] brushwood.


There are two [[village]]s: [[Malokurilskoye]], formerly {{Nihongo||色丹|Shikotan}}; and [[Krabozavodskoye]], formerly {{Nihongo||{{Ruby|穴澗|あなま}}|Anama}}.
There are two [[village]]s: [[Malokurilskoye]], formerly {{Nihongo||色丹|Shikotan}}; and [[Krabozavodskoye]], formerly {{Nihongo||{{Ruby|穴澗|あなま}}|Anama}}


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
Russia recognised Japanese sovereignty over the island in the 19th century under [[Shimoda Treaty]]. In 1885, Hanasaki District, to which the island belongs, was split off of [[Nemuro Province]] and incorporated into [[Chishima Province]].{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}


⚫
In September 1945, during the final days of World War II, the island, which had a population of 1,038 at the time,{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} was invaded by 600 Soviet troops.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21711337-chances-breakthrough-two-countries-territorial-dispute-are-slim-japans-prime| title=Japan's prime minister plans a steamy tête-à-tête with Russia's president| date=10 September 2016| access-date=8 April 2018| publisher=The Economist}}</ref> It is one of the islands (along with the [[Habomai]] Islands) which the [[Soviet Union]] agreed [[Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956|in 1956]] to transfer to Japan in the event of a peace treaty between the two countries (such a peace treaty has never been concluded).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/07/b886bdbd633c-russia-pm-visits-disputed-isle-off-japans-hokkaido.html |title=Russia PM visits disputed isle off Japan's Hokkaido |work=english.kyodonews.net |date=27 July 2021 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> Between the late-1950s and to the 1960s, the Soviet Union fortified the island with old tanks (mainly [[IS tank family|IS-2 and IS-3]] [[heavy tank]]s) repurposed as coastal-defence artillery against a possible seaborne invasion, by digging them into the ground and employing them as fixed gun emplacements.<ref name=nyt>[https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/texts-of-sovietjapanese-statements-peace-declaration-trade-protocol.html "Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol"]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', page 2, October 20, 1956.
⚫
Russia recognised Japanese sovereignty over the island in the 19th century. In 1885, Hanasaki District, to which the island belongs, was split off of [[Nemuro Province]] and incorporated into [[Chishima Province]].{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

⚫
In September 1945, during the final days of World War II, the island, which had a population of 1,038 at the time,{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} was invaded by 600 Soviet troops.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21711337-chances-breakthrough-two-countries-territorial-dispute-are-slim-japans-prime| title=Japan’s prime minister plans a steamy tête-à-tête with Russia’s president| date=10 September 2016| access-date=8 April 2018| publisher=The Economist}}</ref> It is one of the islands (along with the [[Habomai]] Islands) which the [[Soviet Union]] agreed [[Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956|in 1956]] to transfer to Japan in the event of a peace treaty between the two countries (such a peace treaty has never been concluded). Between the late-1950s and to the 1960s, the Soviet Union fortified the island with old tanks (mainly [[IS tank family|IS-2 and IS-3]] [[Heavy tank|heavy tank]]s) repurposed as coastal-defence artillery against a possible seaborne invasion, by digging them into the ground and employing them as fixed gun emplacements.<ref name=nyt>[https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/texts-of-sovietjapanese-statements-peace-declaration-trade-protocol.html "Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol"]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', page 2, October 20, 1956.
<blockquote>Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian</blockquote>
<blockquote>Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian</blockquote>
<blockquote>...The U.S.S.R. and Japan have agreed to continue, after the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between them, negotiations for the conclusion of a peace treaty. Hereby, the U.S.S.R., in response to the desires of Japan and taking into consideration the interest of the Japanese state, agrees to hand over to Japan the Habomai and the Shikotan Islands, provided that the actual changing over to Japan of these islands will be carried out after the conclusion of a peace treaty...</blockquote></ref>
<blockquote>...The U.S.S.R. and Japan have agreed to continue, after the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between them, negotiations for the conclusion of a peace treaty. Hereby, the U.S.S.R., in response to the desires of Japan and taking into consideration the interest of the Japanese state, agrees to hand over to Japan the Habomai and the Shikotan Islands, provided that the actual changing over to Japan of these islands will be carried out after the conclusion of a peace treaty...</blockquote></ref>
Line 78: Line 54:


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==

The 2014 anime film ''[[Giovanni's Island]]'' is a fictionalized account of the fate of Japanese civilians living on Shikotan at the time of the 1945 Soviet occupation.
The 2014 anime film ''[[Giovanni's Island]]'' is a fictionalized account of the fate of Japanese civilians living on Shikotan at the time of the 1945 Soviet occupation.


Line 88: Line 63:
File:Шикотан4.jpg|Lighthouse, 1980.
File:Шикотан4.jpg|Lighthouse, 1980.
File:Шикотан5.jpg|Landscape, 1980.
File:Шикотан5.jpg|Landscape, 1980.
File:Shikotan_Shrine.JPG|Pre-WW2 Shikotan Shrine. Whale bones were used for a [[Torii]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 98: Line 74:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Shikotan}}
{{commons category|Shikotan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050409181730/http://www.kurilnature.org/ Kuril Island Network - A volunteer group dedicated to raising awareness of the habitat on the Kurils]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050409181730/http://www.kurilnature.org/ Kuril Island Network - A volunteer group dedicated to raising awareness of the habitat on the Kurils]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223015139/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/kuril/shikotan.php] - Satellite image of Shikotan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223015139/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/kuril/shikotan.php Satellite image of Shikotan]
* [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20061008f1.html Ainu speaker and activist explains the meaning of the South Kuril island names
* [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20061008f1.html Ainu speaker and activist explains the meaning of the South Kuril island names]
{{Kuril Islands}}
{{Kuril Islands}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Shikotan| ]]
[[Category:Disputed islands]]
[[Category:Disputed islands]]
[[Category:Japan–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Japan–Soviet Union relations]]

Revision as of 17:02, 24 March 2024

Not to be confused with Shakotan, Hokkaido or Shpanberg Island.
Shikotan
Disputed island
NASA picture of Shikotan Island
Other namesRussian: Шикотан; Japanese: 色丹島
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates43°48′N 146°45′E / 43.800°N 146.750°E / 43.800; 146.750
ArchipelagoKuril Islands
Total islands1
Area225 km2 (87 sq mi)
Highest elevation412 m (1352 ft)
Highest pointMount Shakotan
Administration
Federal subjectSakhalin Oblast
DistrictYuzhno-Kurilsky
Claimed by
 Japan
PrefectureHokkaido
SubprefectureNemuro
Demographics
Population2,100

Shikotan, also known as Shpanberg or Spanberg, is an island in the Kurils administered by the Russian Federation as part of Yuzhno-Kurilsky District of Sakhalin Oblast. It is claimed by Japan as the titular Shikotan District (色丹郡, Shikotan-gun), organized as part of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaido Prefecture. The island's primary economic activities are fisheries and fishing, with the principal marine products being cod, crab, and kelp.

Names

The English name Shikotan transcribes both the Japanese name 色丹 and the Russian name Шикотан. The Japanese name derives from the Ainu Sikotan (シコタン or シコタヌ). The name combines the Ainu reflexive or embellishing prefix si- and the word kotan ("settlement, village"), used metonymically in Ainu for each of the islands of the Kurils.

The alternative Russian name Shpanberg (Шпанберг), sometimes anglicized as Spanberg, honors Martin Spanberg, one of Vitus Bering's lieutenants who led three voyages in 1738, 1739, and 1742 that first initiated Russian diplomatic relations with Japan and helped accelerate Russian control of the Kurils.

Geography

The total land area of Shikotan is 225 square kilometers (87 sq mi). The island is hilly, averaging 300 metres in elevation. The shores of the island are very indented and covered with oceanic meadows. The highest altitude is 412 m. The island is formed by the volcanic rock and sandstone of the Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods. There are two extinct volcanoes on Shikotan: Mount Tomari and Mount Notoro. A number of tiny islets and rocks are scattered around the coast of Shikotan. Two larger islands lie off the south coast: Griega island; and Aivazovskogo island which lies in a bay near the western end of the southern coast.

Shikotan's vegetation consists mostly of Sakhalin fir, larch, deciduous trees, bamboo underbrush, and juniper brushwood.

There are two villages: Malokurilskoye, formerly Shikotan (色丹); and Krabozavodskoye, formerly Anama (穴澗(あなま))

History

Russia recognised Japanese sovereignty over the island in the 19th century under Shimoda Treaty. In 1885, Hanasaki District, to which the island belongs, was split off of Nemuro Province and incorporated into Chishima Province.[citation needed]

In September 1945, during the final days of World War II, the island, which had a population of 1,038 at the time,[citation needed] was invaded by 600 Soviet troops.[1] It is one of the islands (along with the Habomai Islands) which the Soviet Union agreed in 1956 to transfer to Japan in the event of a peace treaty between the two countries (such a peace treaty has never been concluded).[2] Between the late-1950s and to the 1960s, the Soviet Union fortified the island with old tanks (mainly IS-2 and IS-3 heavy tanks) repurposed as coastal-defence artillery against a possible seaborne invasion, by digging them into the ground and employing them as fixed gun emplacements.[3]

An earthquake and subsequent tsunami caused major damage on the island's coastline on October 4, 1994.

In popular culture

The 2014 anime film Giovanni's Island is a fictionalized account of the fate of Japanese civilians living on Shikotan at the time of the 1945 Soviet occupation.

Gallery

  • Relief Map
    Relief Map
  • Shikotan Island, 1990.
    Shikotan Island, 1990.
  • Shikotan, 1980.
    Shikotan, 1980.
  • Lighthouse, 1980.
    Lighthouse, 1980.
  • Landscape, 1980.
    Landscape, 1980.
  • Pre-WW2 Shikotan Shrine. Whale bones were used for a Torii
    Pre-WW2 Shikotan Shrine. Whale bones were used for a Torii
Sea ice surrounds Shikotan.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Japan's prime minister plans a steamy tête-à-tête with Russia's president". The Economist. 10 September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  2. ^ "Russia PM visits disputed isle off Japan's Hokkaido". english.kyodonews.net. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol". The New York Times, page 2, October 20, 1956.

    Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian

    ...The U.S.S.R. and Japan have agreed to continue, after the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between them, negotiations for the conclusion of a peace treaty. Hereby, the U.S.S.R., in response to the desires of Japan and taking into consideration the interest of the Japanese state, agrees to hand over to Japan the Habomai and the Shikotan Islands, provided that the actual changing over to Japan of these islands will be carried out after the conclusion of a peace treaty...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shikotan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shikotan&oldid=1215354724"