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{{Short description|Period of Japanese history (1704–1711)}} |
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{{other uses|Huy (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Redirect|Hoei}} |
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{{History of Japan|Shoso-in.jpg| |
{{History of Japan |image=Shoso-in.jpg |caption=[[Shōsōin]]}} |
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{{nihongo|'''Hōei'''|宝永}} was a {{nihongo|[[Japanese era name]]|年号 |
{{nihongo|'''Hōei'''|宝永|extra=[[Kyujitai]]: {{lang|ja|寶永}}}} was a {{nihongo|[[Japanese era name]]|年号|''nengō''|"year name"}} after [[Genroku]] and before [[Shōtoku (era)|Shōtoku]]''.'' This period spanned the years from March 1704 through April 1711.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Hōei''" {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 338|page=338}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> The reigning emperors were {{nihongo|[[Emperor Higashiyama|Higashiyama]]|東山天皇}} and {{nihongo|[[Emperor Nakamikado|Nakamikado]]|中御門天皇}}.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:OCLC63259938 ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', pp. 415]–416.</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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''Hōei'' comes from the [[Old Book of Tang]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|'''寶'''祚惟'''永'''、暉光日新}}). |
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==Change of era== |
==Change of era== |
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* '''1704''' {{nihongo|''Hōei gannen''|宝永元年 |
* '''1704''' {{nihongo|''Hōei gannen''|宝永元年}}: In reaction to the [[1703 Genroku earthquake|Great Genroku earthquake]] in Genroku 16, the era name was changed to ''Hōei'' (meaning "Prosperous Eternity"). The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Genroku 17, on the 13th day of the 3rd month. |
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==Events of the ''Hōei'' era== |
==Events of the ''Hōei'' era== |
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* ''' |
* '''October 28, 1707''' (''Hōei 4, 4th day of the 10th month''): [[1707 Hōei earthquake|Great Hōei earthquake]]. The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:OCLC63259938 p. 415.]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * '''December 16, 1707''' (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month'')<!--NengoCalc 宝永四年十一月二十三日 -->: An eruption of [[Mount Fuji]]; the cinders and ash fell like rain in [[Izu Province|Izu]], [[Kai Province|Kai]], [[Sagami Province|Sagami]], and [[Musashi Province|Musashi]].<ref>[http://sk01.ed.shizuoka.ac.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1707.html Shikuoka University page]; ''see'' Japanese Wikipedia.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * '''December 16, 1707''' (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month'')<!--NengoCalc 宝永四年十一月二十三日 -->: An eruption of [[ |
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| ⚫ | * '''1708''' (''Hōei 5''): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with the ''Hōei'' nengō name (''Hōei Tsubo'').<ref name="t416">Titsingh, [ |
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* '''April 28, 1708''' (''Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month'')<!-- NengoCalc 宝永三年三月八日 -->: There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.<ref name="t416"/> |
* '''April 28, 1708''' (''Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month'')<!-- NengoCalc 宝永三年三月八日 -->: There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.<ref name="t416"/> |
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| ⚫ | * '''May 20, 1708''' (''Hōei 5, 1st day of the 4th month''): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with the ''Hōei'' nengō name (''Hōei Tsubo'').<ref name="t416">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:OCLC63259938 p. 416.]</ref> |
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* '''1708''' (''Hōei 5, 8th month''): Italian [[missionary]] [[Giovanni Sidotti]] landed in [[Yakushima]], where he was promptly arrested. |
* '''October 12, 1708''' (''Hōei 5, 29th day of the 8th month''): Italian [[missionary]] [[Giovanni Sidotti]] landed in [[Yakushima]], where he was promptly arrested. |
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* '''February 19, 1709''' (''Hōei 6, 10th day of the 1st month''): The wife of |
* '''February 19, 1709''' (''Hōei 6, 10th day of the 1st month''): The wife of shōgun [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]] killed him with a knife, and then she stabbed herself in the heart. Tsunayoshi's plan to adopt ''[[daimyō]]'' of Kai as his successor were known by a few inside [[Edo Castle]]. The shōgun's wife, who was also a daughter of the emperor, foresaw that this choice of a successor would be very poorly received by many; and she feared that it might result in a disastrous civil war. The shōgun's wife did everything she could to dissuade Tsunayoshi from continuing with such potentially divisive and dangerous plans; and when it became clear that her arguments were in vain, she resolutely sacrificed herself for the good of the country—she killed her husband and then killed herself. She may also have done this as she hated the boy.<ref name="t416"/>{{NoteTag|name=tsunayoshi|Text: {{lang|fr|Dans la 6° année (1709), le 10 jour du 1er mois, l'épouse du Seogoun Tsouna yosi le tua à coups de poignard et se perça ensuite le cœur. Ce prince, adonné au vice contre nature et n'ayant pas d'enfans, avait jeté les yeux sur le prince de Kaï pour l'adopter et pour en faire son successeur. L'impératrice, qui était une des filles du Daïri, prévoyant que ce choix révolterait tous les princes, et qu'il était à craindre qu'il ne s'ensuivît une révolution dans l'empire, mit tout en œuvre pour le dissuader de sa résolution. Ce ne fut que quand elle vit que ses représentations étaient vaines qu'elle le sacrifia à la tranquillité menacée de l'empire. C'est pour cette raison que la mémoire de cette princesse est encore aujourd'hui révérée dans tout le Japon.|italics=no}}}} |
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* '''1709''' (''Hōei 6, 4th month''): [[Tokugawa Ienobu|Minamoto no Ienobu]], Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6th |
* '''1709''' (''Hōei 6, 4th month''): [[Tokugawa Ienobu|Minamoto no Ienobu]], Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6th shōgun of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Edo bakufu]].<ref name="t416"/> |
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* '''August 7, 1709''' (''Hōei 6, 2nd day of the 7th month''): The Emperor abdicates.<ref name="t416"/> |
* '''August 7, 1709''' (''Hōei 6, 2nd day of the 7th month''): The Emperor abdicates.<ref name="t416"/> |
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* '''January 16, 1710''' (''Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month''): Higashiyama dies.<ref name="t416"/> |
* '''January 16, 1710''' (''Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month''): Higashiyama dies.<ref name="t416"/> |
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* '''July 7, 1710 – March 22, 1711''' (''Hōei 7, 11th day of the 6th month – Shōtoku 1, 4th day of the 2nd month''): [[Ryukyuan missions to Edo|Ryukyuan mission to Edo]], the largest delegation—168 people—in the Edo Period.<ref>National Archives of Japan: [http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/kouseisai/category/emaki/ryukyutyuzan_e.html ''Ryūkyū Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu'', scroll illustrating procession of Ryūkyū emissary to Edo, 1710 (''Hōei 7'')]</ref> |
* '''July 7, 1710 – March 22, 1711''' (''Hōei 7, 11th day of the 6th month – Shōtoku 1, 4th day of the 2nd month''): [[Ryukyuan missions to Edo|Ryukyuan mission to Edo]], the largest delegation—168 people—in the Edo Period.<ref>National Archives of Japan: [http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/kouseisai/category/emaki/ryukyutyuzan_e.html ''Ryūkyū Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu'', scroll illustrating procession of Ryūkyū emissary to Edo, 1710 (''Hōei 7'')] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403190540/http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/kouseisai/category/emaki/ryukyutyuzan_e.html |date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Mt,Fuji 2007 Winter 28000Ft.JPG|Looking down towards the peak of Mount Fuji and its central crater. |
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File:Volcanic-ash-downfall map of Mt.Fuji Hoei-eruption01.jpg|Distribution of volcanic cinders and ash falling across central Honshū after the eruption of Mount Fuji in 1707 (''Hoei 4''). |
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File:FujiHoei2078.jpg|The Hoei Crater, visible to the right of the peak of Mount Fuji, was the location of the 1707 eruption that spewed ash as far as Edo. |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references group="note"/> |
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* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. |
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301] |
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* [[Timon Screech|Screech, Timon.]] (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC&dq= ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.''] London: [[RoutledgeCurzon]]. 10-ISBN 0-203-09985-0, 13-ISBN 978-0-203-09985-8; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/secret-memoirs-of-the-shoguns-isaac-titsingh-and-japan-1779-1822/oclc/65177072&referer=brief_results OCLC 65177072] |
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* [[ |
* [[Timon Screech|Screech, Timon.]] (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.''] London: [[RoutledgeCurzon]]. {{ISBN|978-0-203-09985-8}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65177072 OCLC 65177072] |
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* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
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{{succession box |
{{succession box |
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| before = |
| before = {{nihongo|[[Genroku]]|元禄}} |
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| title = |
| title = [[Japanese era name|Era or ''nengō'']]<br>{{nihongo|Hōei|宝永}} |
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| years = 1704–1711 |
| years = 1704–1711 |
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| after = |
| after = {{nihongo|[[Shōtoku (era)|Shōtoku]]|正徳}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{s-end}} |
{{s-end}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoei}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoei}} |
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[[Category:Japanese eras]] |
[[Category:Japanese eras]] |
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[[Category:1700s in Japan]] |
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[[Category:1710s in Japan]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:43, 20 March 2024
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Hōei (宝永, Kyujitai: 寶永) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Genroku and before Shōtoku. This period spanned the years from March 1704 through April 1711.[1] The reigning emperors were Higashiyama (東山天皇) and Nakamikado (中御門天皇).[2]
Etymology[edit]
Hōei comes from the Old Book of Tang (寶祚惟永、暉光日新).
Change of era[edit]
- 1704 Hōei gannen (宝永元年): In reaction to the Great Genroku earthquake in Genroku 16, the era name was changed to Hōei (meaning "Prosperous Eternity"). The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Genroku 17, on the 13th day of the 3rd month.
Events of the Hōei era[edit]
- October 28, 1707 (Hōei 4, 4th day of the 10th month): Great Hōei earthquake. The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake.[3]
- December 16, 1707 (Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month): An eruption of Mount Fuji; the cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.[4]
- April 28, 1708 (Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.[5]
- May 20, 1708 (Hōei 5, 1st day of the 4th month): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with the Hōei nengō name (Hōei Tsubo).[5]
- October 12, 1708 (Hōei 5, 29th day of the 8th month): Italian missionary Giovanni Sidotti landed in Yakushima, where he was promptly arrested.
- February 19, 1709 (Hōei 6, 10th day of the 1st month): The wife of shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi killed him with a knife, and then she stabbed herself in the heart. Tsunayoshi's plan to adopt daimyō of Kai as his successor were known by a few inside Edo Castle. The shōgun's wife, who was also a daughter of the emperor, foresaw that this choice of a successor would be very poorly received by many; and she feared that it might result in a disastrous civil war. The shōgun's wife did everything she could to dissuade Tsunayoshi from continuing with such potentially divisive and dangerous plans; and when it became clear that her arguments were in vain, she resolutely sacrificed herself for the good of the country—she killed her husband and then killed herself. She may also have done this as she hated the boy.[5][note 1]
- 1709 (Hōei 6, 4th month): Minamoto no Ienobu, Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6th shōgun of the Edo bakufu.[5]
- August 7, 1709 (Hōei 6, 2nd day of the 7th month): The Emperor abdicates.[5]
- January 16, 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Higashiyama dies.[5]
- July 7, 1710 – March 22, 1711 (Hōei 7, 11th day of the 6th month – Shōtoku 1, 4th day of the 2nd month): Ryukyuan mission to Edo, the largest delegation—168 people—in the Edo Period.[6]
Gallery[edit]
-
Looking down towards the peak of Mount Fuji and its central crater. -
Distribution of volcanic cinders and ash falling across central Honshū after the eruption of Mount Fuji in 1707 (Hoei 4). -
The Hoei Crater, visible to the right of the peak of Mount Fuji, was the location of the 1707 eruption that spewed ash as far as Edo.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hōei" Japan Encyclopedia, p. 338, p. 338, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 415–416.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 415.
- ^ Shikuoka University page; see Japanese Wikipedia.
- ^ a b c d e f Titsingh, p. 416.
- ^ National Archives of Japan: Ryūkyū Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu, scroll illustrating procession of Ryūkyū emissary to Edo, 1710 (Hōei 7) Archived 2008-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
References[edit]
- ^ Text: Dans la 6° année (1709), le 10 jour du 1er mois, l'épouse du Seogoun Tsouna yosi le tua à coups de poignard et se perça ensuite le cœur. Ce prince, adonné au vice contre nature et n'ayant pas d'enfans, avait jeté les yeux sur le prince de Kaï pour l'adopter et pour en faire son successeur. L'impératrice, qui était une des filles du Daïri, prévoyant que ce choix révolterait tous les princes, et qu'il était à craindre qu'il ne s'ensuivît une révolution dans l'empire, mit tout en œuvre pour le dissuader de sa résolution. Ce ne fut que quand elle vit que ses représentations étaient vaines qu'elle le sacrifia à la tranquillité menacée de l'empire. C'est pour cette raison que la mémoire de cette princesse est encore aujourd'hui révérée dans tout le Japon.
- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
- Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-203-09985-8; OCLC 65177072
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
External links[edit]
- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection